The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution,knowledge and future prospects

Tomato is the most economically important fruit/vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity, with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crops often reaching up to 100%. Many viruses infecting tomato have been reported, while new viral diseases have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be a contributing factor to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of disease in areas that were previously either unfavourable or where the disease was absent. Because antiviral products are not available, strategies to mitigate viral diseases rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, roguing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging viral threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas, which is of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. This review presents the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for an improved understanding of the virus, which will be needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impact it is likely to cause.     

散叶莴苣灰霉病药剂筛选试验

为筛选出散叶莴苣灰霉病防治药剂,本文进行了10%多抗霉素可湿性粉剂、45%异菌腺悬浮剂、20%丁子香酚水乳剂、50%啜酰菌胺水分散粒剂不同浓度对散叶莴苣的田间药效试验。结果表明,于莴苣灰霉病发生初期连续防治2次,药后7、14d45%异菌腺悬浮剂、50%喘酰菌胺水分散粒剂效果表现优越,最终病指防效均达80%以上,且对莴苣生长安全,无残留。     

日光温室冬季基质加温效果及对番茄生长和品质的影响

采用控温电伴热加热系统对根系直接进行加温,设置基质加热温度分别为22、28、34 ℃,研究不同加热温度下根系温度场的分布以及对无土栽培番茄生长和品质的影响。结果表明,当使用椰糠作基质时,22、28、34 ℃的加热温度可在夜间使基质内中心位置平均温度分别提高到22.4、29.8、35.2 ℃; 与不加温对照相比,22 ℃和28 ℃加温处理能显著提高番茄单株产量,株高、茎粗、叶片数、根系干质量和鲜质量以及可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸等品质指标显著提高;22 ℃加温处理中番茄植株的单株能耗为11.33 kWh,明显低于28 ℃处理的14.86 kWh,节能效果最优。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

面向资源认知变化的耕地评价研究进展与展望

科学的耕地评价是耕地合理开发、利用、保护的前提,耕地资源认知的深化引领耕地评价研究发展。为明晰耕地评价研究的发展历程、热点动态和未来前景,系统梳理1949—2023年引领耕地资源认知变化的理念、事件和政策,探讨耕地资源认知发展的阶段性特征,借助文献调查、文献计量分析、理论分析等方法,对不同阶段耕地评价研究的主要内容、政策支撑、技术方法与代表成果等进行总结,并提出面向新时期社会发展需求的耕地评价研究展望与关键问题。研究表明：1）耕地资源认知按时间顺序可划分为资源本体、资源平衡体和资源综合体3个阶段,认知对象由耕地数量单一维度向耕地数量与质量、数量-质量-生态、实体耕地与虚拟耕地等多维度转变,研究范围也由宜耕地、耕地等实体资源向近远程耦合框架下的全球虚拟耕地拓展;2）各阶段耕地评价的研究重点围绕耕地数量、耕地质量和耕地综合利用展开。在资源本体阶段,侧重土地开发适宜性评价,关注本底要素宜耕性;在资源平衡体阶段,注重耕地质量提升,对耕地资源的可持续利用潜力进行评价。在资源综合体阶段,评价对象向全球粮食贸易中的虚拟耕地拓展,评价内容关注耕地多功能及功能间权衡与协同关系。因此,未来耕地评价的研究内容需适应新时代发展的现实需求,耕地本体评价需兼顾实体和价值量,耕地质量评价需匹配人类福祉需求,耕地综合评价需考虑多元对象和指标。在评价理论与方法层面应加强学科交叉融合,充分利用新调查监测手段,丰富精细化耕地资源数据,为进一步拓展资源认知、丰富评价范式、优化耕地保护制度等提供支撑。     

食品召回策略对信任和购买意愿的影响

为促进落实我国食品召回制度,有效应对食品安全危机后消费者信任和购买意愿降低的问题,保障企业可持续发展,采用情境模拟实验的方法,基于全国1 053份消费者调查问卷,研究食品召回策略对消费者信任和购买意愿的影响,探究信任违背类型和消费者信任倾向在食品召回策略影响信任之间的作用,并验证信任在食品召回策略与购买意愿之间的中介作用。结果表明：1）食品召回策略对信任和购买意愿具有显著差异影响,主动召回最优,责令召回次之,不召回最差;并且,主动和责令召回对信任修复具有积极作用,而不召回对信任修复没有积极作用;2）信任违背类型在食品召回策略影响信任之间起调节作用。企业违背诚信时,责令和主动召回后的能力信任没有显著差异;企业违背能力时,责令和不召回后的正直信任没有显著差异;3）信任倾向在食品召回策略和信任之间起调节作用。对于高信任倾向的消费者,责令召回后的能力、善意和正直信任显著高于不召回;对于低信任倾向的消费者,责令召回后的善意和正直的信任与不召回后的无显著差异;4）信任在食品召回策略和购买意愿之间起完全中介作用。因此,一旦发生食品安全危机,企业应积极主动实施召回,如果企业消极拖延,有关部门应严格监管...     

再论“藏粮于技”战略：内涵辨识、理论支撑与未来取向

“两藏”战略是中国粮食安全的根本之策。为梳理“藏粮于技”概念缘起和内涵,以马克思主义科技观、技术创新与技术变迁理论、制度与技术的关系为理论基础,分析了“藏粮于技”战略的理论逻辑和内涵演变。结果表明：1）“藏粮于技”是中国共产党马克思主义科技观的重要实践,其制度创新与技术创新双向互促特色鲜明。2）“藏”的内涵包括市场和产量调控、完善粮食市场体系和价格形成机制,建立精准、科学合理的粮食调控体系,并解决粮食安全、生态安全、食品安全、农民增收等可持续问题。3）“技”的内容扩展为全要素、全产业链、多学科技术集成和应用,技术扩散呈现多主体交互、反馈,农业技术与数字技术融合发展。本研究从科技自强自立、摆脱路径依赖、内涵式发展道路和创新体系效能4个方面提出对策建议,为进一步明确“藏粮于技”战略未来取向和实现路径提供了决策参考。     

农村居民点整理潜力转化耕地经济限制性研究

就农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性进行研究。从经济可行性评价入手,构建指标体系,采用多指标综合评价法、层次分析法与专家咨询法,测算研究区经济适宜性评分,确定研究区农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性,得出各区县整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性修正系数。研究结果表明,天津市农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性可分为3 个类别：（1）无经济限制性区县,1≥a 经≥0.6,包括西青区、北辰区、东丽区3 个区县;（2）有一定经济限制性区县,0.6＞a 经≥0.3,包括塘沽区、津南区、武清区、宁河区、汉沽区、大港区6 个区县。（3）经济限制性较大区县,0.3＞a 经≥0,包括蓟县、宝坻区、静海区3 个区县。各区县农村居民点整理潜力转化耕地的经济限制性在多经济因素影响下差别很大。