Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution,knowledge and future prospects

Tomato is the most economically important fruit/vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity, with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crops often reaching up to 100%. Many viruses infecting tomato have been reported, while new viral diseases have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be a contributing factor to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of disease in areas that were previously either unfavourable or where the disease was absent. Because antiviral products are not available, strategies to mitigate viral diseases rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, roguing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging viral threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas, which is of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. This review presents the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for an improved understanding of the virus, which will be needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impact it is likely to cause.     

5种动物源食品中的氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量检测

利用QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的方法检测5种动物源食品(鸡肉、鸡蛋、猪肝、牛奶、猪肉)中氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量。样品用乙腈提取,经低温处理,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、弗罗里硅土(Florisil)和C18分散固相萃取(d-SPE)净化,外标法定量。在不同浓度的加标水平下,氟虫腈及其代谢物在5种动物源食品中的平均回收率为72.1%～113.8%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.9%～17.6%,检出限LOD在0.73～1.94μg/kg范围内,定量限LOQ在5～10μg/kg范围内。该方法具有简单、灵敏、准确等优点,适用于动物源食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的快速筛查和定量检测。     

散叶莴苣灰霉病药剂筛选试验

为筛选出散叶莴苣灰霉病防治药剂,本文进行了10%多抗霉素可湿性粉剂、45%异菌腺悬浮剂、20%丁子香酚水乳剂、50%啜酰菌胺水分散粒剂不同浓度对散叶莴苣的田间药效试验。结果表明,于莴苣灰霉病发生初期连续防治2次,药后7、14d45%异菌腺悬浮剂、50%喘酰菌胺水分散粒剂效果表现优越,最终病指防效均达80%以上,且对莴苣生长安全,无残留。     

粮食安全与生态安全双约束下江苏省耕地休耕规模探讨

实施耕地休耕是巩固提升粮食产能和促进农业可持续发展的重要举措,亟需科学合理地确定我国可休耕耕地规模,为深入实施"藏粮于地"战略和扩大耕地休耕制度试点提供理论依据。该研究基于粮食安全与生态安全双重约束构建粮食主产区耕地休耕最大规模测算仿真模型,同时提出休耕规模弹性边界的确定方法并以江苏省为实证区域进行仿真预测。结果表明：当前江苏省在兼顾粮食主产区的粮食调配任务且考虑区域耕地资源可持续利用状况的基础上,仍能保有10.16%的耕地资源来支撑耕地休耕制度的实施;仿真期内区域耕地资源面积可能会由于城市快速扩张和耕地保护不力出现大幅减少,并对区域耕地休耕条件环境产生影响;同时耕地资源可持续利用状况和休耕规模适宜程度的恶化导致江苏省休耕规模弹性边界从2017年的9.93%缩减至2036年的4.81%,区域粮食安全稳定状态终将被打破。建议充分利用粮食主产区的耕地资源基础积极有序推广开展耕地休耕工作,深入部署"藏粮于地"战略以巩固提升粮食产能;建立休耕规模与生态安全挂钩的指标预警体系以实现对休耕实施方案的宏观动态调节;统筹休耕与其他耕地保护政策的正向联动,创造耕地保护政策体系内部的正向溢出效应。     

表面等离子共振生物传感技术在食品安全快速检测中的应用研究进展

利用表面等离子体共振(SPR)生物传感技术进行食品的快速检测,具有无需标记、前处理简单、特异性好、灵敏度高以及能实时、连续监测生物分子动态反应过程等特点.详细论述了SPR生物传感技术在食品安全检测中的农药残留、细菌、病毒、重金属和糖类的快速检测的研究进展,并指出了其发展趋势.     

面向资源认知变化的耕地评价研究进展与展望

科学的耕地评价是耕地合理开发、利用、保护的前提,耕地资源认知的深化引领耕地评价研究发展。为明晰耕地评价研究的发展历程、热点动态和未来前景,系统梳理1949—2023年引领耕地资源认知变化的理念、事件和政策,探讨耕地资源认知发展的阶段性特征,借助文献调查、文献计量分析、理论分析等方法,对不同阶段耕地评价研究的主要内容、政策支撑、技术方法与代表成果等进行总结,并提出面向新时期社会发展需求的耕地评价研究展望与关键问题。研究表明：1）耕地资源认知按时间顺序可划分为资源本体、资源平衡体和资源综合体3个阶段,认知对象由耕地数量单一维度向耕地数量与质量、数量-质量-生态、实体耕地与虚拟耕地等多维度转变,研究范围也由宜耕地、耕地等实体资源向近远程耦合框架下的全球虚拟耕地拓展;2）各阶段耕地评价的研究重点围绕耕地数量、耕地质量和耕地综合利用展开。在资源本体阶段,侧重土地开发适宜性评价,关注本底要素宜耕性;在资源平衡体阶段,注重耕地质量提升,对耕地资源的可持续利用潜力进行评价。在资源综合体阶段,评价对象向全球粮食贸易中的虚拟耕地拓展,评价内容关注耕地多功能及功能间权衡与协同关系。因此,未来耕地评价的研究内容需适应新时代发展的现实需求,耕地本体评价需兼顾实体和价值量,耕地质量评价需匹配人类福祉需求,耕地综合评价需考虑多元对象和指标。在评价理论与方法层面应加强学科交叉融合,充分利用新调查监测手段,丰富精细化耕地资源数据,为进一步拓展资源认知、丰富评价范式、优化耕地保护制度等提供支撑。     

食品召回策略对信任和购买意愿的影响

为促进落实我国食品召回制度,有效应对食品安全危机后消费者信任和购买意愿降低的问题,保障企业可持续发展,采用情境模拟实验的方法,基于全国1 053份消费者调查问卷,研究食品召回策略对消费者信任和购买意愿的影响,探究信任违背类型和消费者信任倾向在食品召回策略影响信任之间的作用,并验证信任在食品召回策略与购买意愿之间的中介作用。结果表明：1）食品召回策略对信任和购买意愿具有显著差异影响,主动召回最优,责令召回次之,不召回最差;并且,主动和责令召回对信任修复具有积极作用,而不召回对信任修复没有积极作用;2）信任违背类型在食品召回策略影响信任之间起调节作用。企业违背诚信时,责令和主动召回后的能力信任没有显著差异;企业违背能力时,责令和不召回后的正直信任没有显著差异;3）信任倾向在食品召回策略和信任之间起调节作用。对于高信任倾向的消费者,责令召回后的能力、善意和正直信任显著高于不召回;对于低信任倾向的消费者,责令召回后的善意和正直的信任与不召回后的无显著差异;4）信任在食品召回策略和购买意愿之间起完全中介作用。因此,一旦发生食品安全危机,企业应积极主动实施召回,如果企业消极拖延,有关部门应严格监管...     

再论“藏粮于技”战略：内涵辨识、理论支撑与未来取向

“两藏”战略是中国粮食安全的根本之策。为梳理“藏粮于技”概念缘起和内涵,以马克思主义科技观、技术创新与技术变迁理论、制度与技术的关系为理论基础,分析了“藏粮于技”战略的理论逻辑和内涵演变。结果表明：1）“藏粮于技”是中国共产党马克思主义科技观的重要实践,其制度创新与技术创新双向互促特色鲜明。2）“藏”的内涵包括市场和产量调控、完善粮食市场体系和价格形成机制,建立精准、科学合理的粮食调控体系,并解决粮食安全、生态安全、食品安全、农民增收等可持续问题。3）“技”的内容扩展为全要素、全产业链、多学科技术集成和应用,技术扩散呈现多主体交互、反馈,农业技术与数字技术融合发展。本研究从科技自强自立、摆脱路径依赖、内涵式发展道路和创新体系效能4个方面提出对策建议,为进一步明确“藏粮于技”战略未来取向和实现路径提供了决策参考。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

湖南省麦迪卡药石农业应用效果综述

湖南省麦迪卡药石(MEDCAL STONE)资源丰富,质量优良,具有富硅、富钾、富微量元素和离子轻稀土的特点,具有很强的吸附性能,可溶出多种有益矿物质,增加水中氧的含量,调节水的pH值,生物活性强,对防治疾病具有重要作用。经过近20 a的研究,农业上应用在作物施肥、药膳食疗等方面,均有极好的社会、经济效益。同时,产地水土、森林、人文资源特好,生态景观优美,不但是天然的无公害农业基地,也是发展休闲农业、旅游农业的"风水宝地"。