塔额垦区新甜饲4号高产种植技术

从选地、播种和田间管理等种植流程综述了饲用甜菜新品种“新甜饲4号”在塔额垦区高产种植技术.     

羔羊补饲饲料中添加酸化剂的应用

试验旨在研究补饲饲料中添加酸化剂对羔羊增重和腹泻的影响。选取处于同一生长水平的羔羊30只，随机分为3组，每组2个重复，每个重复5只，试验组分别添加Ⅰ型酸化剂、Ⅱ型酸化剂，添加量均为9 kg/t，对照组为不添加酸化剂组。试验预试期5 d，正式期28 d。结果表明：补饲饲料中添加酸化剂可在一定程度上增加羔羊体重，降低腹泻率，其中以添加Ⅱ型酸化剂组效果最好。     

滴灌模式下旱后复水对甜菜叶丛期光合光响应特性的影响

为探索甜菜叶丛期叶片光合生理特性及光响应特征参数对旱后复水的响应机制,以旱敏感型品种‘XJT9907’和耐旱型品种‘XJT9916’为材料,在甜菜叶丛期控水为45%~50%田间持水量持续7 d时,复水达70%~75%田间持水量(对照,CK)48 h后,测定其叶片光合生理指标,采用非直角双曲线模型进行叶片净光合速率(P_n)与光强非线性拟合,并计算其光响应特征参数。结果表明,甜菜叶丛期干旱胁迫显著降低甜菜叶片的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)。复水后,两种品种的叶片SPAD值、P_n、G_s、C_i和T_r虽均有所提高,但XJT9916品种光合生理参数值明显高于XJT9907,且均未超过正常供水水平,表现出一定的补偿效应。旱后复水处理下,XJT9907和XJT9916品种叶片光响应特征参数最大净光合速率(P_nmax)分别比CK低17.1%和6.2%,表观量子效率(AQY)分别比CK低12.2%和6.5%,暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别比CK低14.9%和19.1%,光饱和点(LSP)分别比CK低14.1%和19.6%,而光补偿点(LCP)显著高于CK,分别高17.6%和15.4%,其光能利用区间较窄,光能利用效率降低。综合来看,当甜菜叶丛期土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%时对其叶片光合潜能的发挥不利,其叶片光合能力减弱,复水后光合能力仍无法恢复到正常水平。耐旱型甜菜XJT9916品种光合作用旱后复水恢复能力更强。     

Leaf dynamics and protein content of six important fodder trees of the western Himalaya

Leaf production, leaf fall, leaf protein and net primary productivity have been reported for 4-year-old fodder trees in the mid-western Himalaya (altitude 1350 m; rainfall 1100 mm). The species include; Grewia optiva, Robinia pseudoacacia and Celtis australis growing in the open and Quercus glauca, Q. leucotrichophora and Ilex odorata growing in the forest. G. optiva, R. pseudoacacia and C. australis showed two distinct periods of leaf flush, and their leaves were short-lived (180 to 360 days) compared with the remaining three species which retained their leaves for more than two years, and had only one flush period during March–April. The open site species showed much higher leaf production, and the leaves contained a significantly (P < 0.05) higher protein content, compared with the forest group. Net primary productivity of G. optiva, C. australis and R. pseudoacacia was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the forest species, which may be related to their high leaf production and rapid turnover rate of the leaves. The results are useful for management of these species in agroforestry systems.     

Fuelwood production from Leucaena leucocephala established in fodder crops at Mtwapa,Coast Province,Kenya

Fuelwood production from a high density leucaena-based fodder production experiment at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya is reported. Leucaena with and without other fodder crops namely, Cassava, Bana and Napier grass, formed the main-plot treatments while leucaena densities ranging from 6,250 to 100,000 ha^–1 planted in single- or double-line planting arrangements formed the sub-plot treatments of the split-plot design used. Each treatment was replicated four times. The experiment was established and maintained without the use of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation. Hand weeding was done only during the first year.After 2.7 years growth, height and diameter measurements were taken before cutting back the leucaena stems to 0.5 m above ground. Utilizable fuelwood (twigs greater than 0.5 mm diameter) was then sun-dried for 3 months and dry weights taken.Fuelwood yields were significantly reduced by the fodder intercrops. Yield from leucaena intercropped with fodder crops were, on average, 30% lower than yield from sole stands of leucaena. Mean yields of the single-line plantings ranged from 13.7 to 21.2 tons ha^–1. Yield from the double-line plantings were lower (on average 10%) than that of single-line plantings and were as well highly variable. Unlike tree heights, diameters in the single-line planting arrangement were not affected significantly by the fodder intercrops. In the single line plantings, yield of fuelwood from sole stand of leucaena was higher at all in-row spacings than the yield from intercropped leucaena. Increase in in-row spacing of leucaena generally led to reduced yield of fuelwood.Fodder yields of intercropped Cassava, Bana and Napier grasses were near normal in the first year but zero or negligible in the remaining 1.7 years. Implications of the prolonged tree establishment period on fodder yields after opening of the canopy are discussed.     

Land degradation in Mediterranean Europe: can agroforestry be a part of the solution? A prospective review

Vegetation and land degradation, although less acute than in the Southern Mediterranean Basin, is still widespread in the North. Degradation results from various kinds of mismanagement of the land. Wildfires, for instance, favoured by ungrazing, play an increasingly important role as the mean area annually burnt shifted from an average 200,000 ha in the 1960's to over 600,000 ha in the 1980's. These put a heavy burden on the states and on local communities that amounted to an annual average one billion ECUs (USS 1.2 billion) in the 1980's. The causes and processes of land and vegetation degradation are analysed in the light of the changes in land-use over the past 25 years, as shown in the official statistical data. Forest and shrubland areas are expanding while farmland is shrinking by nearly 1% per annum. An analysis of the foreseeable situation in the early years of the twenty-first century is attempted on the basis of the likely evolution of the EEC agricultural policy. Some guidelines are proposed for sound ecological management of the Northern Mediterranean land and vegetation. These include the introduction or expansion of agroforestry systems with multiple-use of the land to develop tourism, wildlife, hunting and sports, combined with extensive grazing of livestock and game and timber production from elite clones of selected high yielding or highly valued species.Eight to ten million hectares, at present devoted to cereal cropping (i.e. about 50% of the cereal-cropping hectarage), will have to be reconverted to other activities. By 1995, the EEC cereal prices will have to drop in line with the world market, as a result of the recent evolution of the EEC Communal Agricultural Policy (CAP). The warranted EEC cereal prices are at present about 40% above that of the world market. The reconversion of this cereal land to other activities could combine low-input mixed agroforestry systems with extensive livestock and game husbandry, high value timber, tourism and various amenities. These should include forage-shrubs plantations in a strategy which combines inexpensive, albeit nutritionally balanced, ruminant diets with erosion control and the overall uplift of natural land fertility and productivity.     

河北坝上饲用树种年生长规律及根系类型

报告了河北坝上地区青杨、榆树、柽柳、柠条、沙棘等５个优良饲料用树种的发芽期、展叶期和落叶期等物候特征，观测了它们的年生长进程，并提出了合理的收割时间为８月１０～２０日；各树种饲料产量差别很大，其中榆树产量最高。而且，所有树种产量均比天然草场产量高；各个树种在根量、根幅和根系分布深度方面也存在明显的差别，并由此把它们划分为主根发达型、侧根发达型及主侧根均衡发育型３种根型。     

Productivity of four sesbania species on two soil types in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, lack of quality forage in adequate quantities is a major constraint to livestock productivity. Fast growing N₂ fixing Sesbania have shown great promise both as high quality fodder and green manure. The objective of this study was to evaluate and select among the species S. macrantha, S. rostrata, S quadrata and S. sesban for fodder yield, quality and green manure potential. The field experiment was conducted on a light soil (loam, Alfisol) and a heavy soil (cracking type clay, Vertisol) at Debre Zeit (9° N and 39° E, 45 kms SE of Addis Ababa). There were two cutting treatments: cutting once at ground level or cutting twice at 50 cm (first, 65 days after sowing; second, 40 days later). A two-factor factorial in randomized block design was used. S. macrantha performed better on the light soil producing the highest dry matter (DM) yields of leaf (2.8 t/ha), stem (6.3 t/ha) and total nitrogen (151 kg/ha) in 105 days than the rest of the species. Most species performed poorly on the heavy soil. S. quadrata, however, showed better adaptability to the heavy soil (5.5 t/ha DM) than any of the other species. The lowest DM yield was recorded for S. rostrat which could be due to poor nodulation. Cutting twice over the 105 days growth period caused a drastic reduction in DM yield, but resulted in higher leaf-to-stem ratio and total N yield. The nutritional composition of all the species was within an acceptable range for livestock requirements. N content (4%) and IVDMD (over 70%) were high. S. macrantha had superior overall performance and seems promising both as high quality fodder and green manure crop. Under rain-fed conditions, cutting once was better than cutting twice particularly for S. macrantha. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of 15 leguminous trees and shrubs for forage and wood production in Tanzania

Fifteen leguminous tree and shrub species were evaluated for production of fuelwood, forage and forage nutrient concentrations. When assessed for survival, growth and biomass yields after 30 months, Acacia crassicarpa, A. leptocarpa, A. auriculiformis, A. torulosa and A. aulacocarpa were the most outstanding. The nutrient concentrations in edible fractions varied greatly among the accessions. While the results indicate that most of the species tested could not supply adequate minerals when used as sole feeds, they could supply valuable supplemental fodder. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.