关于多场耦合问题的几个概念探讨

从湍流脉动的高阶关联项以及湍流的雷诺方程出发，指出了动量场、能量场、质量场等相互耦合现象可以湍流脉动关联项和时均项中同时存在，并提高了脉动合和时间均耦合的概念，指出了在引入湍流模型即对雷诺时均方程使用湍流统计矩方程进行了封闭后，动量，能量及质量之间的耦合现象可由时均耦合来描述。介绍了多相耦合的概念及求解耦合问题的基本思路和方法。     

Fluctuating asymmetry, abnormalities and parasitism as indicators of environmental stress in cultured stocks of goldfish and carp

Knowledge about the effects of captivity and environmental stress on fish populations is basic to culture them for ornamental, conservation or exploitation purposes. The aim of this study was to test how captivity affect morphological development of bilateral characters and whether levels of fluctuating asymmetry, morphological abnormalities and ectoparasites reflect developmental stress caused by adverse environmental conditions in two species of cyprinids, goldfish Carassius auratus and two varieties of carp Cyprinus carpio, scale and mirror carp. Samples from captivity were caught in an artificial pond (Madrid City, Spain), which presents poor environmental conditions; while samples from nature were captured in the Ebro River basin (NE Spain). Six meristic and four morphometric bilateral characters were measured and compared between the two samples. Additionally, the incidence of morphological abnormalities and ectoparasites was also recorded. Captive goldfish presented significant lower number of scales of the lateral line, scale rows above lateral line and length of pectoral and ventral fins. Captive carps showed significant shorter first barbels and longer ventral fins. Ornamental goldfish showed significant higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry than wild samples for number of branched rays of pectoral fin, lateral line, scale rows below lateral line and length of pectoral and ventral fins. Ornamental carps presented a similar trend for the same characters, except for branched rays and length of pectoral fins, together with the length of second barbels. In the artificial pond, the incidence of abnormalities was higher in carp, whereas goldfish showed a higher occurrence of ectoparasites. These facts support the hypothesis of a different species response to environmental stress. The overall results indicate that fish from the artificial pond are subjected to environmental stress caused by adverse conditions such as overcrowding and lower water quality. Moreover, estimated parameters in this study mean a useful tool to detect developmental instability in confined fish.     

农地规模化经营对我国农产品市场信息不对称问题影响研究

农地规模化经营不仅让经营主体拥有更多的资金去获取农产品信息,同时还促使经营主体与农产品收购者建立长期的联系,促进政府提供高效的农产品信息服务。政府应该在促进农产品市场信息对称中发挥应有的作用。     

三峡水库消落区土壤胶体对Cd在土壤中迁移的影响

选取三峡水库消落区典型土壤,即紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土为研究对象,以相应土壤胶体、蒙脱石矿物的10 mg/L Cd(NO3)2淋洗液分别淋洗土柱,研究了水分散态胶体对镉在土柱中迁移的影响.添加上述胶体的镉淋洗液,在紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土土柱中镉迁移量分别是对照的1.18～4.96,1.05～2.37,1.10～4.33,1.03～3.33倍.结果表明胶体能够促进镉离子在土层中的迁移,其迁移能力遵循紫色土胶体≥紫色潮土胶体＞灰棕潮土胶体＞蒙脱石胶体＞黄壤胶体的规律.由此得出,胶体吸附态镉的迁移能力取决于胶体类型和土柱性质.     

Characteristics of Interference Effects on Local Pressure of Two Square Tall Buildings in Tandem Arrangement

Wind tunnel tests were carried out to study the wind pressure on principal square building adjacent to another one in tandem. The interference effects on local pressure of the principal building were analyzed with different positions and heights of interfering building. It is shown that as height ratio is fixed, mean pressures on windward face are suctions when spacing ratio is less than 3, otherwise they are positive. The magnitudes of mean suctions on the side and leeward faces and fluctuating pressures on each face all get their maximums when spacing ratio is 3. As height ratios change, the magnitudes of mean suction on windward face increase with height ratio, meanwhile, the magnitudes on other faces obtain their minimums as the height ratio is 1.0 and the spacing ratio is less than 3. The fluctuating pressures on the windward and side faces get their maximums and that on the leeward face reaches its minimum as the height ratio is 1.0. When the spacing ratio is greater than 3, mean pressures on each face decrease, while fluctuating pressures on the windward and side faces increase as the height ratio increases, and the fluctuating pressures on the leeward face get the minimum when the height ratio is 1.0.     

工程机械波动载荷分析与模拟方法研究

波动载荷对工程机械的动力性、燃油经济性以及系统的安全性有着重要的影响.试验在分析波动载荷的基础上,利用随机统计关系提出工程机械波动载荷试验数据的处理方法,将波动载荷非平稳试验数据分解为非平稳的确定性分量与平稳的随机性分量两部分,并提出了相应的函数表达式以及对影响因素进行了分析.最后通过AMESIM仿真软件对波动载荷试验数据进行仿真模拟,给出了仿真方法.     

基于电子商务引入退货运费险对农产品商家的影响

为分析退货运费险对农产品商家的影响,从造成电子商务农产品退货的根源——信息不对等角度,建立消费者电子商务农产品购物决策模型、退货率模型与农产品商家利润模型,通过带入数值进行算倒分析对比了引入退货运费险前后不同销售策略的农产品商家利润变化.结果表明,高性价比型农产品商家在引入退货运费险后盈利增加,而中规中矩型农产品商家与低性价比型农产品商家将会受到损失.建议在电子商务活动中的农产品商家应诚信经商.     

水温及其波动对海膜生长和生理生化的影响

研究了在不同水温(17、21、25、29、33℃)及不同变温幅度[(25±0)、(25±2)、(25±3)、(25±4)、(25±5)℃]下海膜的生长及光合色素、POD、SOD、MDA随时间的动态变化。研究结果表明:(1)海膜在17~29℃范围内都能生长,在25℃以及±2℃变温下有最大的日相对生长率。当温度高于29℃时,藻体变软颜色变淡,高于33℃藻体局部变白溃烂。(2)海膜在低于25℃条件下生长,其POD、SOD和MDA值变化不明显;而29℃时,海膜的POD、SOD和MDA值随时间升高很快,33℃时海膜的POD、SOD和MDA值先升高,从第5天开始下降,可能是由于藻体受到胁迫较严重,发白溃烂,细胞受损。(3)与25℃恒温相比,±4和±5℃变温幅度下海膜的POD、SOD和MDA值整体呈上升趋势,且±5℃﹥±4℃,±2、±3℃变温幅度下海膜的POD、SOD和MDA值变化幅度不大,(25±2)℃﹥(25±3)℃﹥25℃,说明海膜对小范围的温度波动有一定适应性,变温幅度越大,对海膜的胁迫越大。     

创新发展思路促进食用菌产业优化与转型发展

介绍我国食用菌产业经济发展现状,提出了产业优化与转型发展的一些建议;详细讨论了食用菌营销信息控制的问题,分析了食用菌产业中的信息不对称度问题,并从价格和质量两方面,对信息不对称度的测量与控制给出了测量控制的模型。在当前信息时代的背景下,这些创新发展的建议和方法,可以有效防止了因信息不对称而造成的损失,提升我国食用菌产业的转型发展理念,不断创新优化,保持市场竞争优势,推动食用菌产业的可持续发展。