农业产业链食品安全长效机制的构建研究

从信息经济学、法经济学、管理学的视角全面分析了我国食品安全事件发生的原因,着重关注了大型龙头企业的食品安全问题。完善政府监管体系,进一步改进监管方式,加快农业产业链升级改造,是保证食品安全的重要措施。     

中国生猪价格周期波动的特征与成因分析

"猪周期"问题一直是困扰生猪产业健康发展的难题,以往研究大都是建立在谱分析和滤波分析方法基础上的,本文则采用三区制马尔科夫区制转移模型方法,对中国生猪价格周期波动的特征与成因进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,中国生猪价格周期波动中表现出显著的非对称性特征,即生猪价格在"下跌阶段"、"稳定阶段"和"上涨阶段"上的方差、区制转移概率、自持续概率和平均持续期存在着显著差异。此外,"猪周期"产生的主要原因在于疫病、政策、自然灾害等外界冲击导致的供需关系失衡,而生猪饲养是生猪产业链上抵御外界冲击能力最差,遭受损失可能性最高的环节。因此,为了缓解猪周期,一方面应该依据区制的非对称性特征来制定价格调控政策,另一方面可以通过完善牲畜疾病防疫体系和价格风险预警机制,以及提升生猪产业规模化和一体化水平等措施来增强生猪产业的抗风险能力。     

圆柱水射流中的能量分布与统计特征

在13,15,17 MPa压力下,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）对自由圆柱水射流的轴向速度、轴向脉动速度和液滴粒径进行测量,对通过射流场中不同位置测量体的单个液滴特征进行统计分析,以获得单个液滴的轴向速度和对应的液滴数的相关特征,进而分析射流束中的能量分布.研究结果表明：在相同压力条件下,不同轴向截面上的轴向速度分布呈现一定的相似性,截面边缘处的轴向速度梯度较大;截面边缘处的轴向脉动速度较大,且随射流压力增加,轴向脉动速度增大.对位于中间点的测量体,具有较高速度的液滴占据绝大多数;对边缘处的测量体,液滴速度谱较宽.在不同轴向截面上,随射流压力的变化,对应位置的统计关系变化规律不同.在设定的第1采样时段内,在各中心点处测量体内采集到的有效液滴数相差不大.但穿越边缘点测量体的有效液滴数随射流压力和截面位置的变化极不规则.     

基于脊腹线波动的猪呼吸急促症状视频分析

预警呼吸急促症状的病猪时,人工连续监控方式存在效率低下问题,为实现自动预警,通过机器视觉方法,捕获猪的脊腹线轮廓,证实自动计算的脊腹线起伏频数和人工计算频数强相关性。通过6个训练有素的人,对10头含有或无呼吸急促症状的猪打分（5分制）,并拍摄分辨率为320像素×240像素、猪自由站立在视频窗口中的侧视视频。在Matlab仿真平台,采用图像灰度化、背景减法、脊腹线段提取、脊腹线波动描述子计算后,自动捕获的波动频数和人工计算的相比较,所有测量值的平均相关系数为0.947,猪和视频窗口面积比在0.35～0.75之间时,脊腹线波动识别精度高于85%,且其波动频率与猪的人工呼吸急促症状估分值呈线性正相关。视觉技术用于呼吸急促的病猪预警有应用价值。     

Comparison of visual lameness scores to gait asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds during trot in-hand

Regular monitoring of movement asymmetry with inertial measurement units (IMUs) to aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause of a lameness is feasible. Normal ranges for specific groups of horses may be required, with consideration of expert veterinary opinions for both asymmetry screening and lameness assessment. The aim of this study was to determine movement asymmetry values compared with expert lameness scores to enable screening for lameness in Thoroughbreds in race training. IMU gait assessment during in-hand trot-up was performed in 25 racehorses undergoing routine gait analysis or lameness examination at the Singapore Turf Club. Video recordings were graded numerically (0–5) for lameness by six experienced racehorse veterinarians. Inter-observer agreement and consistency were determined. Median lameness scores were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity for head, withers and pelvic movement asymmetry. Guideline values for aligning movement asymmetry values with expert opinions about forelimb and hindlimb lameness were determined from receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Inter-observer agreement was poor to fair, inter-observer consistency was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.667 for forelimbs and 0.617 for hindlimbs). ROCs indicated higher discriminative power for hindlimb lameness using pelvic asymmetry (90% sensitivity, 93% specificity) compared with forelimb lameness using head asymmetry (69% sensitivity, 89% specificity) or withers asymmetry (44% sensitivity, 89% specificity). When compared to expert lameness scores from videos of a limited number of Thoroughbred racehorses, preliminary guideline values for movement asymmetry screening for forelimb lameness (>|14.5 mm|) and hindlimb lameness (>|7.5 mm|) are higher than previously reported clinical thresholds of >|7 mm| for head movement and >|4 mm| for pelvic movement asymmetry.     

旋流式模型泵内部三维湍流场的测量

为获得旋流泵内部三维湍流场的真实情况,设计制造了模型泵并构造了试验装置.运用激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）,对旋流泵最优工况下的无叶腔及叶轮内部速度场进行了测量,得到周向速度、轴向速度、径向速度及其对应的均方根脉动速度分布等.测量结果表明：旋流泵内流场是强制涡旋和自由涡旋的叠加,同时存在循环流与贯通流,与前人提出的流动模型相吻合;无叶腔与叶轮内周向速度分布差异较大;在叶轮进口处,液流已有预旋,流动撞击损失较大;该型泵内湍流脉动呈各向同性.所得结果不仅可用来验证数值计算结果的准确性,而且为旋流泵内部两相流场的深入研究打下基础.     

瓯江鲫鱼胸鳍的波动性不对称、两性异形和生育

研究浙江瓯江鲫鱼胸鳍的波动性不对称、两性异形和生育力。雌雄两性的鳍长、鳍条数的不对称均属波动性不对称。雌雄两性的胸鳍长和鳍条数的不对称指数之间相关关系不显著。雌性个体显著大于雄性个体,特定体长的雄性胸鳍长显著大于雌性,雄性的鳍条数显著大于雌性。鳍长和鳍条数的不对称指数雌雄两性差异不显著,雌雄两性鳍条数对称个体的比例差异不显著。以体长和时间为控制变量,怀卵数量与鳍长和鳍条数的不对称指数具有显著的负相关,与鳍长和鳍条数的相关不显著。以体长和发育时间为控制变量,平均卵重与鳍条数的不对称指数具有显著的正相关,与其他变量的相关不显著。分析表明,雄性较大的胸鳍可能与雄性的性选择有关,胸鳍的波动性不对称可能提供了一种发育历程的指示,间接影响雌性生育力。     

Abortion in dairy cattle with advanced twin pregnancies: Incidence and timing

This study examines incidences and timing of abortion in Holstein Friesian dairy cows with advanced twin pregnancies in north‐eastern Spain. The study population consisted of 1,194 twin pregnancies in two herds recorded from 2010 to 2015: 522 bilateral and 672 unilateral. The presence of live twins was determined by transrectal ultrasonography between 55 and 61 days post‐AI and pregnancy confirmed 60 days later. Abortion was recorded in 278 (23.3%) cows before Day 260 of pregnancy: 7 (1.3%) in bilateral and 271 (40.3%) in unilateral twin pregnancies. Using binary logistic regression procedures the following were excluded as risk factors for abortion: herd, year, heat stress (temperature‐humidity index values >72), lactation number and right versus left side for unilateral twins. Based on odds ratios, cows carrying unilateral twins were 49.9 (right unilateral twins) and 49.3 (left unilateral twins) times more likely to suffer abortion than cows with bilateral twins. The average time of abortion for unilateral twins was 173 ± 32 days and ranged from 135 to 249 days, 43% of abortions occurring between 135 and 154 days of gestation. The authors suggest prevention or reduction of unilateral twin pregnancies by follicular puncture and drainage of subordinate follicles at AI or manual rupture of the amniotic vesicle of one of the two twins at the time of pregnancy diagnosis.     

河南省休闲农业发展中信息不对称的现状与对策

信息不对称在很大程度上影响市场经济活动中交易的成交量和收益。从河南省休闲农业市场信息不对称问题入手，分析了其主要表现，并提出了构建休闲农业核心数据库、利用网站全面展示休闲农业、推进休闲农业电子商务体系建设和建立有效的休闲农业反馈机制等对策建议。