Responses of SUB1 rice introgression lines to submergence in the field: Yield and grain quality

Prolonged submergence is a major constraint to rice production, affecting over 15 million ha in South and Southeast Asia and causing an annual yield loss of over US$ 600 million. This is because all the modern high-yielding rice varieties are sensitive to complete submergence. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), SUB1, associated with submergence tolerance, was mapped on chromosome 9 and recently bred into popular rainfed lowland rice varieties sensitive of complete submergence, using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Here, we assessed the impact of introgressing SUB1 into three rice varieties popular in farmers’ fields of South and Southeast Asia, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, and IR64, under control conditions as well as following submergence in the field. Under control conditions, no differences were observed between Sub1 introgression lines and their recurrent parents in grain yield or quality aspects. Submergence substantially delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced grain yield, shoot biomass, harvest index, and yield components across cultivars. The reduction in yield was more drastic in the sensitive varieties, particularly when submerged for longer duration (17 d). The significant decline in grain yield was mainly attributed to reductions in grain filling, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. The SUB1 QTL is effective in conferring tolerance of submergence for about 12–17 d, depending on floodwater conditions. Sub1 introgression lines showed a yield advantage of up to 3.8 t ha⁻¹ and slightly better grain quality after submergence compared with their parents. Apparently, the introgression of SUB1 into popular varieties did not have any negative impact on their performance under control conditions but considerably enhanced their yield and grain quality following short-term submergence.     

科尔沁沙丘-草甸田间持水量的综合测定与影响

以科尔沁沙丘-草甸相间地区表层土壤为对象,选用4种不同测试方法,对不同地貌与植被类型组合区土壤的田间持水量进行综合测定,并对其影响因素和影响过程进行系统分析。结果表明:1在不同地貌类型区4种试验方法得到的田间持水量变化的规律大体一致,但数值差异很大。威尔科克斯法结果比围框淹灌法和天然降水法测定结果大。2草甸地受地下水位埋深的影响很大,围框淹灌法及天然降水法测定结果不可用;沙丘区地下水位埋深大,围框淹灌法与天然降水法获得的田间持水量对实践更具指导意义,天然降水法在地下水位深埋大的沙丘区表层40 cm以内基本可以获得较准确的田间持水量,取样时间可以在降雨后12~24 h。3科尔沁沙地实施田间持水量测量时建议选用天然降水法,对漫灌型农田土壤小面积也可选择围框淹灌法,大面积测量宜选择威尔科克斯法,但应建立威尔科克斯法与天然降水法和围框淹灌法之间的转换关系,利用威尔科克斯法测量田间持水量时,沙性土壤的测量时间可选择36~40 h、草甸区壤沙土与沙壤土可选择44~48 h。     

河水漫溢干扰对土壤盐分的影响——以塔里木河下游为例

[目的]探索漫溢后出现明显的植被群落变化的原因和不同漫溢方式对表层土壤盐分的影响,为塔里木河下游植被恢复和人工植被的重建提供理论依据。[方法]利用土壤溶液电导率法测定塔里木河下游漫溢区和非漫溢区399个表层土壤样品中盐分含量,探讨不同漫溢干扰方式对土壤盐分的影响。[结果]塔里木河下游土壤的含盐量较高,但在漫溢干扰后土壤表层盐分均出现明显的下降;漫溢方式对土壤盐分的影响显著,表现为漫溢前的土壤总盐含量与多次漫溢后差异达极显著,与少次漫溢和冲刷差异显著,与长期渍水差异不显著。[结论]漫溢干扰后土壤表层盐分有所降低是植被发生明显变化的原因,其中中等频次和持续时间的漫溢干扰更有利于表层土壤盐分的淋洗和植被的恢复。     

Impact of Climate Change on the Technical Efficiency of Striped Catfish,Pangasianodon hypophthalmus,Farming in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The technical efficiency of randomly sampled pangasius farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was estimated using data envelopment analysis, and factors affecting technical and scale efficiency were examined with bootstrap truncated regression. The mean technical efficiency score assuming variable returns to scale was 0.84. The technical efficiency of downstream farmers was higher due to lower energy costs and stocking once a year. Most of the up‐ and midstream farms needed to pump water and stocked at least three times in 2 yr. Regression analysis showed a positive effect on technical efficiency of the farmers' education level and having experienced climate change impact through flooding or salinity intrusion in the past. Farms affected by salinity intrusion had a lower scale efficiency as they reduce stocking frequency and rate. In general, reducing fish mortality and the cost of inputs, increasing scale of operation, and being trained, using appropriate methods, in management strategies may improve technical efficiency.     

生物炭耦合水分管理对稻田土壤As-Cd生物有效性及稻米累积的影响

选取湖南某矿区重金属Cd、As复合污染稻田土,以泰优390号为材料,通过盆栽试验研究湿润灌溉(CK)、农艺措施淹水(WF)、竹炭(ZC)、竹炭结合淹水措施(ZF)、稻壳炭(GC)、稻壳炭结合淹水措施(GF),对土壤中As、Cd生物有效性及水稻糙米中As、Cd累积效应的影响。结果表明,6种处理土壤pH值上升幅度为0.12~0.72个单位,均呈现先升高再下降,最后趋于中性的规律。相比对照,水稻全生育期5种处理Eh值均呈现下降趋势,而单一添加生物炭ZC、GC 2种处理乳熟期Eh显著高于同一生育期配施生物炭的WF、ZF、GF 3种淹水处理,并始终处于弱还原状态。各处理均能显著降低成熟期土壤Cd的有效态、酸可提取态和TCLP提取态含量,而As的有效态和TCLP提取态含量显著升高。WF、ZF、GF淹水配施生物炭处理糙米中Cd含量降低51.46%~57.28%,其中GF抑制效果最佳,与ZF呈现显著性差异;而籽粒中As的含量分别达到0.29、0.32、0.30 mg·kg-1,较CK组升高了39.74%~53.58%,三者并无显著性差异。2种仅添加生物炭的ZC、GC处理与对照相比,糙米中Cd含量降低16.50%、39.81%,糙米中As含量增加了27.24%、12.23%,但GC与CK处理并无显著性差异。因此,WF、ZF、GF及ZC处理可减少土壤中Cd的生物有效性,对重金属Cd污染稻田土壤修复具有重要意义,但会增加土壤中As溶出的风险及其生物有效性。而单一添加生物炭的GC处理可用于Cd-As复合污染农田,为稻田土壤Cd-As复合污染粮食安全生产提供理论依据。     

Improvement of seedling establishment under flood condition by seed coating with molybdenum compounds for wheat and barley

Wheat and barley are often cultivated also in paddy fields in winter in Japan. The drainage of paddy fields is often poor. The seedling establishment of wheat and barley is more prone to become poor if it rains heavily after sowing. The flooding damage on seedling establishment is thought to be caused by many factors. The generation of sulfide ions in flooded and reduced soil is thought to be one factor of the flooding damage. In this study, the effect of seed coating with molybdenum compounds, which suppress the generation of sulfide ions, on the flooding damage of wheat and barley seedling establishment. Two poorly soluble molybdenum compounds were coated on wheat or barley seeds at different amounts. Coated seeds were sown in soil and soon flooded for 2 d at 20 °C. When seeds were not coated with molybdenum compounds, rates of seedling establishment were no more than 32%. However, when any molybdenum compounds of .05–.5 mol-Mo kg^?1 were coated, seedling establishment was significantly improved and rates of seedling establishment were no less than 54%. However, when sown seed were not flooded, the establishment rates of the seeds, which were coated with a molybdenum compound of no less than .1 or .2 mol-Mo kg-1, were significantly decreased. Accordingly, coating of molybdenum compounds could improve the seedling establishment of coated seeds under flooded condition, but might impair the seedling establishment of coated seeds under unflooded condition.     

覆膜滴灌条件下稻田CH_4排放研究

为了揭示覆膜滴灌对稻田CH_4综合排放的影响,采用比较分析法分析了覆膜滴管条件下稻田甲烷的排放变化。试验采用覆膜滴灌Ⅰ、覆膜滴灌Ⅱ和漫灌3个处理,分别对当地高产主栽品种吉旱1号进行CH_4排放通量的测定。结果表明,覆膜滴灌稻田CH_4排放通量显著高于漫灌稻田;覆膜滴灌处理条件下,土壤含水率高的覆膜滴灌Ⅰ稻田CH_4排放通量高于覆膜滴灌Ⅱ,说明土壤水分是稻田CH_4排放的主要影响因素之一;3个处理下CH_4的排放趋势大体一致,排放高峰均出现在水稻分蘖的前中期和拔节孕穗期,说明覆膜滴灌未改变稻田CH_4排放的进程。     

膜下滴灌和淹灌两种栽培模式下水稻光合生理特性的研究

以粳稻品系T-04和T-43为试材,通过盆栽控水试验,比较了在膜下滴灌和淹灌两种栽培模式下乳熟期叶片的光合色素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质含量的差异,分析了两种栽培模式下的水分利用效率和产量构成因素。结果表明,在膜下滴灌栽培模式下,2个水稻品系的水分利用效率显著高于淹灌,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量均降低;最大净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著降低,表明光合速率下降受叶绿素含量和气孔的双重影响;表观量子效率、羧化效率、ΦPSII、电子传递速率、Fv/Fm均显著降低,说明光合色素含量降低导致PSⅡ反应中心捕光能力减弱和光化学转化效率降低,从而使叶片光合速率降低;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白均显著低于淹灌栽培;丙二醛、脯氨酸含量高于淹灌栽培,说明滴灌栽培水稻植株的膜脂过氧化加剧,细胞膜系统受到一定程度的破坏,通过主动积累渗透调节物质,适应干旱胁迫。膜下滴灌栽培水稻单位面积有效穗数和结实率显著降低,导致最终减产。     

水涝胁迫对常绿欧洲荚蒾生理指标的影响

以盆栽常绿欧洲荚蒾幼苗为试验材料,研究了幼苗在浸水处理条件下的相关生理指标。结果表明:在水涝胁迫下,常绿欧洲荚蒾叶片中脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,表明常绿欧洲荚蒾通过积累这些物质来适应水涝逆境。到水涝胁迫处理12 d,尽管叶片的叶绿素含量有所下降,相对电导率增至24.8%,但与对照相比,植株外表的生长状况并无多大变化,说明常绿欧洲荚蒾较耐水涝。     

冀东平原设施辣椒水肥一体化技术应用效果研究

水肥一体化滴灌技术是提高设施蔬菜水分利用率的有效途径之一。通过设置2个不同施肥量处理,对滴灌施肥与畦灌冲肥作了比较。试验结果表明:设施辣椒采用水肥一体化滴灌技术具有较好的节水节肥效果,能够提高辣椒产量,改善辣椒品质,同时提高水分利用率。水肥一体化滴灌技术可节肥2 265 kg/hm2,节肥率40.3%;节水5 670 m3/hm2,节水率60.0%;增产6 435 kg/hm2,增产率达7.2%,为今后水肥一体化滴灌技术在设施辣椒上的推广应用提供一定的理论基础和技术支持。