Establishment of a new breeding colony of Gould’s petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera) through the creation of artificial nesting habitat and the translocation of nestlings

Gould’s petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera) was restricted, essentially, to a single breeding locality - Cabbage Tree Island, Australia. As a safeguard against extinction, an additional breeding colony was established on nearby Boondelbah Island, where artificial nesting habitat was created by installing 100 plastic nest boxes. Over two years, a total of 200 nestling Gould’s petrels were translocated from Cabbage Tree Island to these boxes. Colonies on both islands were then monitored for a further four years. Selection of nestlings for transfer was based on prior knowledge of growth, plumage development and emergence from the burrow, and aimed to select only birds that were 11-28 days from fledging (DBF) in 1999 and 11-22 DBF in 2000. Of the first 100 nestlings translocated to Boondelbah Island (in March 1999), 95 fledged successfully 8-27 days after transfer (mean = 17.3 days). Of the second 100 nestlings translocated (in March 2000) all successfully fledged 9-22 days after transfer (mean = 15.1 days). The removal of young had no discernible effect on the subsequent breeding productivity of the donor pairs. In all, 41 Gould’s petrels have been recorded at the new colony on Boondelbah Island, where at least 27 nest boxes have been visited. Ten translocated fledglings (nine male, one female) have returned to the translocation site, taking up nest boxes that were, on average, 5.5 m from the box from which they fledged. An additional 27 non-translocated birds, of unknown origin, have also nested in nest boxes on Boondelbah, along with four birds previously known from Cabbage Tree Island. Two nestlings transferred to Boondelbah Island have returned to Cabbage Tree Island. Within five years of the first translocation, the newly established colony on Boondelbah Island has produced a total of 24 eggs and 14 fledglings. The translocation technique developed for Gould’s petrel has broad applicability, being readily adaptable for other burrow-nesting seabirds.     

Small marine reserves can offer long term protection to an endangered fish

The protection of exploited species offered by marine reserves is maximised if individual fish live within the boundaries of the reserve for most of their lives. The direct benefit of this protection, the so called ‘reserve effect’, is the build-up of biomass through an increase in individual numbers and size. This effect can take several years depending on the life history traits of the target species. However, empirical studies on individual fish spatial behaviour at temporal scales long enough to be compatible with that of invoking the reserve effect are still virtually lacking. We studied the inter-annual patterns of habitat use of the dusky grouper (Epinephelusmarginatus), an endangered reef fish predator, using passive acoustic telemetry inside and around a small marine reserve in the Azores, mid-north Atlantic. All 11 individuals resided in the reserve year-round for up to 5 years. During these periods, fish were detected nearly every day and utilised stable core activity areas. Two smaller fish apparently abandoned the area after some time, probably relocating outside the reserve. Our results indicate that even small marine reserves can promote the long-term recovery of some endangered species if the long-term behaviour (i.e. site fidelity) of individuals is appropriate. This result bears direct implications for most existing coastal marine reserves, given that they fall into the small size range and many overexploited reef fish species may be highly site attached.     

中小工业企业会计信息失真的原因及对策

中小工业企业已成为宁夏国民经济快速发展的生力军．但中小工业企业在实际发展中遇到了诸多的困难和问题,尤以发展资金短缺最为突出．主要原因是会计信息由于缺少监管而失真,吸引银行信贷支持形成“鸡肋效应”,自身软,难融资．会计信息失真是由于管理核算不规范造成的,其原因有内部的也有外部的,诸如内部管理不规范,会计基础薄弱,教育培训滞后,生存环境不理想等．针对以上问题,治理中小工业企业会计信息失真的对策措施如下：①加强政府主管部门监督,堵塞会计法规执行缺位．②加大社会监督力度,将中小工业企业报表审计和纳税鉴证纳入监管范筹．③改善税收征管环境,确立“以纳税人为中心”的服务理念．④落实会计人员责任和会计人员责任事故追究制度．⑤切实加强会计教育,从“会计管理和信息论”高度认识会计信息的重要作用．     

Living on the continental shelf edge: habitat use of juvenile shortfin makos Isurus oxyrinchus in the Great Australian Bight,southern Australia

We used satellite telemetry data to investigate the movement patterns and habitat use of juvenile shortfin makos Isurus oxyrinchus (Lamnidae) tagged in the Great Australian Bight, southern Australia. Tracking durations ranged from 49–672 days and six deployments were > 1 year. During winter and spring, some shortfin makos migrated to the tropical NE Indian Ocean and Coral Sea, and the Subtropical Front region. One shortfin mako undertook an extended migration of 25 550 km across the Indian Ocean. Areas characterized by sea‐mounts in the NE Indian Ocean, the oceanic Subtropical Front region, and the continental shelf edge (200‐m depth) and slope canyons were visited by several sharks. Juvenile shortfin makos used the outer continental shelf, the shelf edge, the slope and oceanic waters during migrations and mostly exhibited fidelity in the mid‐outer shelf, the shelf edge and slope habitats characterized by high bathymetric relief and oceanographic frontal gradients. Our findings highlighted that the continental shelf and slope and associated submarine canyons of the Great Australian Bight represent ecologically important habitats for juvenile shortfin makos. The findings of this study will be pertinent during future management processes for this highly migratory species in this Southern Hemisphere region.     

陕北安塞退耕地持久土壤种子库与地上植被的对应关系

通过研究陕北安塞退耕3~31 a的阴阳坡10个样地的持久土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系,分析持久土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用。结果表明：调查样地持久土壤种子库由15个科36个物种组成,种子密度在1 908~12 617粒/m2之间,1年生物种占80%,随着退耕演替的进行,种子库中1年生物种比例呈下降趋势,多年生物种比例呈上升趋势,地带性物种在持久种子库中的比例也随退耕时间的延长而增加,物种数和种子库密度均随退耕演替先增大后降低;持久土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,Serensen相似性系数为0.21~0.42;通过对适宜物种的确限度及土壤种子库大小的分析,认为该区退耕地的持久土壤种子库具有一定的植被恢复潜力。     

Site fidelity of female caribou at multiple spatial scales

Studies of site fidelity have been hampered by arbitrary designations of spatial scale and the lack of null models for comparison. We generated null expectations of fidelity at different scales from the distribution of radio-tracked animals in a population. We applied the models to space use of satellite-tracked caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), the most vagile nonvolant terrestrial animal, from populations representing sedentary and migratory ecotypes. We compared distances between consecutive-year locations of adult females to expectations based on the total range and seasonal range of each population. At the scale of the total range, sedentary and migratory caribou displayed remarkably similar philopatry, despite a 30-fold difference in size of their population ranges, from time of calving (late May) to breeding (late October). The most intense fidelity occurred during post-calving when, on average, sedentary and migratory females returned to as near as 6.7 km and 123 km, respectively, of locations occupied the previous year. At the scale of the seasonal range, the ecotypes differed. Sedentary caribou still displayed fidelity from calving to breeding; migratory caribou exhibited fidelity only during late autumn. For migratory, but not sedentary caribou, inter-year distances during winter were negatively correlated with age, implying that older females were more philopatric. We conclude that reproductive activities delimit the season of fidelity of female caribou of both ecotypes, and that scale-dependent ecotypic differences in fidelity may reflect different factors of population limitation. A spatially-explicit approach to site fidelity is essential for synthesizing patterns across studies.     

Arctic sea ice trends and narwhal vulnerability

Conservation measures related to global climate change require that species vulnerability be incorporated into population risk models, especially for those that are highly susceptible to rapid or extreme changes due to specialized adaptation. In the case of Arctic cetaceans, effects of climate change on habitat and prey availability have been subject to intense speculation. Climate perturbations may have significant impacts on the fitness and success of this group, yet measuring these parameters for conservation purposes is complicated by remote and offshore preferences. The narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Baffin Bay occupies a habitat where reversed (increasing) regional sea ice trends have been detected over 50 years. We used a combination of long-term narwhal satellite tracking data and remotely sensed sea ice concentrations to detect localized habitat trends and examine potential vulnerability. Spatial and temporal variability in the fraction of open water were examined on two narwhal wintering grounds between November and April, 1978-2001 using approximate sea ice concentrations derived from microwave SSMR/SSMI passive brightness temperatures. Less than 3% open water was available to narwhals between 15 January and 15 April, and reached minima of 0.5% open water at the end of March (125 km² out of a 25,000 km² area). Decreasing trends in the fraction of open water, together with increasing trends in interannual variability, were detected on both wintering grounds, significantly in northern Baffin Bay (−0.04% per year, SE 0.02). The limited number of leads and cracks available to narwhals during the winter, in combination with localized decreasing trends in open water and high site fidelity, suggests vulnerability to changes in Arctic sea ice conditions. Increasing risk of ice entrapments, many of which may go undetected in remote offshore areas, should be incorporated into population risk assessments as this may exceed the natural response capacity of the species.     

Migratory behaviour and range in Atlantic cod: inference from a century of tagging

A century of tagging experiments on 174 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) groups is reviewed and the frequency and spatial distribution of four migratory behaviours documented. Of all cod groups, 41% were categorized as sedentary, 18% as accurate homers, 20% as inaccurate homers and 20% as dispersers (ranging over large areas without recognizable return migrations). All behaviours occurred over the full spatial range of cod. Coastal groups did not differ significantly from offshore (shelf) groups in the relative frequency of migratory behaviours. However, the north‐east Atlantic had more sedentary and accurate homing groups than did the north‐west Atlantic, which had more dispersing groups. Overall, sedentary cod groups had lower maximum historical biomass than did other groups, confirming that migration/dispersal begets abundance. Maximum historical biomass was strongly related to the area occupied [log (biomass, tonnes)] = 1.58 log (range, km²) + 1.529; r² = 0.9), irrespective of migratory type (for 23 major groups a total of 22 million tonnes over 3.3 million km² with an average density of 7 tonnes km^?2). Historical densities were not related to area occupied, although all large groups exhibited high densities (10–12 tonnes km^?2 ; smaller groups had a wide range of density). The four migratory strategies in cod enable entrainment by diverse physical, oceanographic and biological ecosystem properties, and is key to cod success in the North Atlantic.     

Diel movement of bullhead (Cottus perifretum) in a lowland stream

Abstract – Passive integrated transponder tags have been successfully applied in Cottus spp. and have enabled researchers to gather more information about the movement patterns of individual fish in the wild. In two succeeding years during springtime, a portable antenna was used to determine diel movements of bullhead (Cottus perifretum). In 2007, bullhead (N = 26) moved significantly farther distances at night (mean, 0.42 m·h^?1) and dawn (mean, 0.35 m·h^?1) than during daytime (mean, 0.11 m·h^?1; mixed model, P < 0.001, respectively; P = 0.001), which may be due to foraging activities for Gammarus spp. Irrespective of diel period, smaller fish covered significantly longer distances (P = 0.001). In 2008, similar diel movement patterns were observed, but the differentiation between daytime (mean, 0.12 m·h^?1) and night periods (mean, 0.18 m·h^?1) was not significant (mixed model, P = 0.087; N = 49 bullhead). It is discussed that longer tracking intervals used in 2008 (three times per 24‐h instead of every two hours) were not suitable to detect the sheer magnitude of distances covered during a diel period. It is shown that this may be due to ‘site fidelity’ of some individuals: after swimming several metres at night, they returned to the exact location they previously occupied during daytime. In 2008, sex and body size were not related to diel movement. The present study is the first to present a quantitative differentiation between diel distances covered in a Cottus spp.     

黄金桂茶叶精油固香缓释研究

本研究通过SDE改良法优化,以100℃流动水蒸气萃取25 g茶叶2 h,获得香气保真黄金桂茶叶精油,并基于该精油挥发特性研究不同定香剂(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、苯甲酸苄酯及香兰素)对其固香缓释效果。GC/MS及感官评价结果表明:3种定香剂可不同程度延缓黄金桂茶叶精油香气释放,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯保真性最佳,可用于茶香标准物制造;香兰素固香能力最强,挥发82 h香气总量保留率高于对照38.54%,但保真性差;苯甲酸苄酯保真及缓释性能均良好,香型融合度高,适于清香型茶香产品研发。这为茶叶精油香型保真、稳定提供新思路,进而为茶叶香气标准"实物化"、茶香产品研发等提供理论与实践依据。