酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量的酵母多糖对哺乳犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选用56头新生荷斯坦犊牛随机分为4组,每组14头（其中母犊6头、公犊8头）。试验Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加1、2、3 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖,试验期60 d,分别在20和60日龄时每组各屠宰4头犊牛,采集瘤胃液测定挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）及微生物蛋白（MCP）产量。结果表明：①在整个生长期内,各处理组犊牛瘤胃液pH及丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异均不显著（P>0.05）;②20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅱ组丙酸浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度在各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,60日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃乙酸浓度极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,各组之间丙酸浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组TVFA浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,其中试验Ⅲ组最高;③ 20日龄时,试验Ⅲ组犊牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,60日龄时各组之间NH₃-N浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验Ⅲ组MCP产量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,在犊牛日粮中添加2 g/（头·d）的酵母多糖降低了瘤胃液NH₃-N浓度,提高了MCP产量及TVFA浓度,增强了瘤胃内氨和蛋白质的利用,有利于犊牛瘤胃发酵状态的稳定。本试验条件下酵母多糖在0~60日龄犊牛日粮中的适宜添加量为2 g/（头·d）。     

复合特异性卵黄抗体对18～28日龄犊牛生长、腹泻和免疫力的影响

本文旨在饲粮中添加复合特异性卵黄抗体(Ig Y)探究其对18~28日龄犊牛生长、腹泻和免疫力的影响。选取初生中国荷斯坦公犊牛20头,10日龄之前饲喂鲜奶,之后随机分为2组,对照(CON)组饲喂基础饲粮;试验(IGY)组在基础饲粮中日添加45 mg/kg BW的复合特异性Ig Y。预试期为犊牛11~17日龄,期间进行代乳品过渡,正试期为18~28日龄。分别于犊牛18和28日龄晨饲前称重,每天记录犊牛采食量并进行粪便评分。试验结束当天(28日龄)晨饲前颈静脉采血,测定血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性以及免疫球蛋白、一氧化氮(NO)、溶菌酶(LZM)浓度。结果表明:饲粮添加复合特异性Ig Y虽然对犊牛平均日增重和料重比无显著影响(P0.05),却有助于降低犊牛的粪便评分和腹泻率,作用显著(P0.05);IGY组较CON组极显著提高了犊牛血清中免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)、免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)和免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)的浓度(P0.01),分别提高7.19%、5.71%和8.50%;IGY组T-AOC极显著高于CON组(P0.01),而NO浓度却显著低于CON组(P0.05);IGY组血清LZM浓度极显著低于CON组(P0.01),复合特异性Ig Y对血清AKP活性却无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮中添加复合特异性Ig Y通过提高犊牛免疫球蛋白浓度和抗氧化能力以及发挥Ig Y本身抗原抗体反应,增强犊牛免疫能力和抵抗外界应激能力,降低了腹泻率,促进了犊牛健康。     

A six-year study on respiratory viral infections in a bull testing facility

Viral infection dynamics and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatment rates were studied over six years at a Swedish bull testing station with an 'all in, all out' management system. In August of each of the years 1998-2003, between 149 and 185 4-8-month-old calves arrived at the station from 99 to 124 different beef-breeding herds, and remained until March the following year. Only calves that tested free from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were allowed to enter the station and original animal groups were kept isolated from new cattle in their original herds for three weeks before admission. Although neither prophylactic antibiotics, nor BRD vaccines were used, less than 0.7-13.2% (mean 5%) of the calves (n=970) required treatment for BRD during the first five weeks following entry. This was probably due, at least in part, to the season (the summer months) when the animals were commingled. In the six-month period August-February, 38% of the animals were treated one or more times for BRD and mortality was 0.7%. Hereford and Aberdeen Angus calves had significantly higher treatment rates than Charolais, Simmental and Blonde d'Aquitaine. Serological testing on samples obtained in August, November and January indicated that bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) infections occurred each year before November after entry. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infections also occurred every year, but in 3/6 years this was not until after November. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections occurred only every second year and were associated with a treatment peak and one death on one occasion (December). The herd remained BVDV free during the entire study period. The infection patterns for PIV-3 and BCoV indicated a high level of infectivity amongst bovine calves, whereas the incidence for BRSV was observed at a lower level. Although the rearing of the animals differed from conventional beef production, the study has shown that commingling animals from many sources is not necessarily associated with high morbidity within the first few weeks after arrival. By preventing BRD soon after commingling the prerequisites for protective vaccination at entry might be improved. Applied management routines are discussed.     

Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products lessens the severity of a viral–bacterial coinfection in preweaned calves

We have previously reported that supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) ameliorates clinical signs and lung pathology following experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in preweaned dairy calves. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of SCFP supplementation on the metabolic and endocrine responses, and disease outcome of a viral–bacterial coinfection in preweaned calves. Twenty-seven, 1- to 2-d-old Holstein-Angus cross calves were enrolled in the study; one SCFP calf was removed from the trial during the pre-challenge phase due to complications from nephritis. Calves were assigned to two treatment groups: control or SCFP-treated, base milk replacer with 1 g/d SCFP (Smartcare, soluble formula) and calf starter top dressed with 5 g/d SCFP (NutriTek, insoluble formula). Calves were infected with BRSV on day 21, followed 6 d later by intratracheal inoculation with Pasteurella multocida (PM). Calves were euthanized on day 10 post-viral infection. Calves receiving SCFP had reduced thoracic ultrasonography scores on day 7 post-viral infection (P = 0.03) and a tendency toward reduced scores on day 10 post-viral infection (P = 0.09). Calves receiving SCFP also had less severe lung pathology scores at necropsy (P = 0.06). No differences between treatments were observed in lung viral loads (P = 0.48) or bacterial lung recovery (P = 0.34); however, there was a distinction in the lung location for PM recovery, with PM isolated more frequently from the cranial lobes in SCFP-treated calves, but more frequently from the caudal lobes of control calves. Calves treated with SCFP tended (P = 0.07) to have higher serum IL-6 concentrations following the coinfection. Calves treated with SCFP had lower concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid compared with controls following experimental challenge (P = 0.03 and P = 0.08, respectively), suggesting metabolic changes favoring growth and development. There were no differences between groups in gene expression of insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), growth hormone receptor, or haptoglobin in the liver. Results from this study suggest that supplementing with SCFP may moderate the impact of a respiratory viral–bacterial coinfection on preweaned calves through metabolic and immune modifications.     

胎牛血清在猪孤雌囊胚玻璃化冷冻后恢复培养中的作用研究

【目的】研究胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)在猪孤雌囊胚玻璃化冷冻后恢复培养中的作用。【方法】本试验以体外培养第5天的猪孤雌激活囊胚为材料,将新鲜和冷冻囊胚分别在含10%FBS(V/V)的胚胎培养液中继续培养48 h,即分为新鲜组(Fresh)、新鲜+FBS组(Fresh+FBS)、冷冻组(Vitrified)、冷冻+FBS组(Vitrified+FBS)。观察各组囊胚的扩张和孵化能力,检测胚胎的细胞膜损伤、凋亡细胞数目、总细胞数目、胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、线粒体活性以及发育相关基因的表达水平。【结果】与Fresh和Vitrified组相比,Fresh+FBS和Vitrified+FBS组的完全扩张率、孵化率和囊胚细胞总数均显著提高(P<0.05),细胞膜损伤率和细胞凋亡率均显著降低(P<0.05)。与Fresh组相比,Vitrified组ROS水平显著升高(P<0.05),Fresh+FBS和Vitrified+FBS组ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。Vitrified+FBS组的线粒体活性显著高于Vitrified组(P&l...     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

液体饲料pH值对荷斯坦公犊血气指标的调控

【目的】哺乳期犊牛胃肠道功能尚未健全,对日粮的消化能力不足,易导致腹泻等营养性疾病的发生,降低成活率。实施早期断奶的哺乳期犊牛日粮以液体的代乳品为主,其酸度对犊牛健康有着比成年牛更加重要的影响,但目前犊牛血气指标变化的规律、正常值范围等数据仍不成体系,无法判别日粮酸度是否适宜。本研究以48头新生荷斯坦公犊牛研究液体饲料pH值对哺乳期犊牛血气指标的影响,探索犊牛血气指标的变化规律。【方法】采用2×4因子设计,2种代乳品,其植物蛋白占总蛋白比例分别为50%和80%,代乳品乳液pH值分别调整为6.2、5.5、5.0、4.5,共计8个处理组。将48头新生荷斯坦公犊随机分配到上述8个组中,分别饲喂上述代乳品乳液。试验期63 d,其中预试期21d,正试期42 d。每两周测定犊牛体重,每日记录代乳品和颗粒料的采食量;在21、49 d抽取全血检测血液pH值、二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、氧气分压（pO2）、氧饱和度（SO2）、[HCO3-]浓度（HCO3-）、实际剩余碱量（ABE）、总二氧化碳量（TCO2）、标准碳酸氢盐浓度（SBC）和标准剩余碱（SBE）。采用SAS软件GLM或MIXED模型对生长性能或血气指标进行统计分析,以REG模型建立血气指标与代乳品乳液pH值之间的相关关系式,以正态分布检验血气指标的变化。【结果】降低代乳品乳液pH值可提高犊牛平均日增重（P＜0.05）;代乳品乳液pH值对犊牛血液pO2、SO2、HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC和SBE皆有极显著的影响（P＜0.01）,对血液pH值、pCO2也具有影响趋势;随着代乳品乳液pH值的降低,犊牛血液pH值、pCO2、pO2、SO2、HCO3-、TCO2呈现出二次曲线变化规律（P＜0.05）,R2分别达到0.9201、0.8481、0.8600、0.9445、0.8631、0.8141,ABE、SBC和SBE则呈现出直线型改变（P＜0.05）,R2分别为0.9060、0.8126、0.8298。血液pH值和pCO2随日龄变化有显著改变（P＜0.05）;除HCO3-、ABE、SBE外,其他血气指标符合正态分布规律（P＞0.05）。代乳品中植物蛋白占总蛋白的比例由50%提高到80%时,犊牛平均日增重和干物质采食量降低,但血气指标并未受到影响（P＞0.05）。 【结论】随代乳品乳液pH值的降低,21-63 d犊牛血液HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC、SBE显著降低,可作为评价日粮酸度效果的敏感指标。     

B超测定胎儿骨骺中心在产科中的应用

目的：探讨胎儿骨骺中心与胎龄的关系,为预测胎龄及胎儿成熟度提供可靠的依据。方法：采用B超测定300倒不同孕周胎儿股骨远端骨骺中心(FE)及胫骨近端骨骺中心(TE)的最大直径线,判定胎龄及胎儿成熟度。结果：FE和TE的直径值均随胎龄增加而增大。FE≥5mm时,82％的胎儿在35周以上;FE≥6mm时,94％的胎儿≥37周。TE则比FE的相应胎龄减少2mm至妊娠37周时,100％的胎儿TE≥3mm。结论：FE≥6mm时,TE≥3mm可作为胎龄37周及胎儿成熟的标准,尤以测定TE意义更甚。     

Functional and structural assessment of retinal sheet allograft transplantation in feline hereditary retinal degeneration

Purpose  To investigate whether sheets of fetal retinal allografts can integrate into the dystrophic Abyssinian cat retina with progressive rod cone degeneration.
Methods  Fetal retinal sheets (cat gestational day 42), incubated with BDNF microspheres, were transplanted to the subretinal space of four cats at an early disease stage. Cats were studied by fundus examinations, bilateral full-field flash ERGs, and indocyanine green and fluorescein angiograms up to 4 months following surgery. E42 donor and transplanted eyes were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry for retinal markers.
Results  Funduscopy and angiography showed good integration of the transplants in two of four cats, including extension of host blood vessels into the transplant and some scarring in the host. In these two, transplants were found in the subretinal space with laminated areas, with photoreceptor outer segments in normal contacts with the host retinal pigment epithelium. In some areas, transplants appeared to be well-integrated within the host neural retina. Neither of these two cats showed functional improvement in ERGs. In the other two cats, only remnants of donor tissue were left. Transplants stained for all investigated cellular markers. No PKC immunoreactivity was detected in the fetal donor retina at E42, but developed in the 4-month-old grafts.
Conclusions  Fetal sheet transplants can integrate well within a degenerating cat retina and develop good lamination of photoreceptors. Functional improvement was not demonstrated by ERG in cats with well-laminated grafts. Transplants need to be further evaluated in cat host retinas with a more advanced retinal degeneration using longer follow-up times.     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响

利用包含人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）基因的真核表达载体pCI-neo-hTERT转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选阳性克隆扩大培养,并对转染阳性细胞分别进行RT-PCR检测,倍性分析,细胞周期检测和细胞凋亡检测,以观察该基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响。试验结果表明,筛选出的阳性细胞现已传至第50代;RT-PCR检测,端粒酶基因成功整合到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞并持续表达;倍性分析结果显示,转基因第50代细胞呈正常二倍体;对细胞周期进行分析,结果显示转基因第50代细胞较未转染第30代细胞有较高的S期,说明该细胞DNA合成旺盛,具有很强的增殖能力;细胞凋亡检测结果发现,转基因第50代细胞中凋亡细胞的比例明显少于转染第30代山羊胎儿成纤维细胞。这些试验结果均表明,hTERT能增加山羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的代数,并保持细胞良好的形态及较强的增殖能力。