高岭土碳热还原氮化制备Sialon粉末的反应过程研究

以高岭土为原料，采用碳热还原氮化法合成了Sialon粉末．通过对产物物相组成分析，探讨了合成Sialon粉末的反应过程，并对可能发生的不利于Sialon粉末合成的部分反应进行了热力学分析．研究表明：反应条件对产物组成有显著影响．氮气流量小，产物中有SiC生成；反应温度低、时间短将有莫来石相存在；温度过高或时间太长则产生A1N多型体和Si3N4相；只有足够的氮气流量、适宜的温度和反应时间才有利于Sialon的合成．     

液体金属和合金的盐雾化

介绍了作者发明的一种新型的流体金属和合金的雾化制粉方法，即采用含有固体盐（NaCl）颗粒的高速气流对液体金属或合金进行雾化得到粉末的方法（简称为固体雾化法）。通过对几种金属和合金粉末制备工艺的研究得到如下结论；在同等气体压力和流量条件下，采用含有固体盐颗粒的高速气流雾化金属熔体制得的粉末比不含固体盐颗粒的高速气流雾化制得的粉末的粒度细得多，而且粉末粒度分布较窄，粉末冷却速度较大，采用固体盐雾化法制务金属粉末时，盐的流率愈大、流速愈快、粒度愈细，则雾化制得的粉末粒愈细。     

红曲色素及有机富硒粉对香肠的感官质量和补硒效果研究

 针对我国有72%地区属于缺硒或低硒地区,2/3的人口存在不同程度的硒摄入不足的现状,研制强化硒香肠。通过采用天然色素着色方法取代亚硝酸盐的发色,并在该香肠中添加有机富硒粉,制成无硝富硒香肠。经感官评定,具有较好的感官指标;人体试验表明无硝富硒香肠具有一定的补硒效果。这将对广大缺硒地区的人群提供一条方便和安全的补硒途径。     

垂柳粉对作物幼苗的生长效果

主要研究了垂柳粉对水稻、烟草、玉米等3种作物幼苗的生长效果.结果表明,对水稻幼苗生长较适宜的垂柳粉含量为0.26×10-3 kg/2kg土～0.525×10-3kg/2kg土;对烟草幼苗生长较适宜的垂柳粉含量为0.5×10-3kg/2kg土～1.5×10-3kg/2kg土;对玉米幼苗生长较适宜的垂柳粉含量为0.34×10-3kg/2kg土～0.70×10-3kg/2kg土.     

婴儿系列配方奶粉S－2的研究

婴儿系列配方奶Ｓ－２，以新鲜牛乳、脱盐乳清粉、小米、精炼植物油等为原料；强化维生素、常量元素、微量元素、牛磺酸等为营养添加剂，采用普通奶粉生产工艺，生产出适用于４～１２月龄婴儿食用配方奶粉。动物喂养试验结果表明，Ｓ－２奶粉质量（包括营养学和工艺学指标）均达到并超过同类型产品－台湾味全较大婴儿奶粉（Ｓ－２）。哈尔滨医科大学通过对４～１２月龄婴儿跟踪喂养检测。结果表明，Ｓ—２奶粉对此阶段婴儿的生长发育具有明显的促进作用。其身长、体重等各项指标均达到或超出正常标准。     

Response of lactating dairy cows fed different supplemental zinc sources with and without evaporative cooling to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion: metabolite and mineral profiles in blood and milk

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of evaporative cooling and dietary supplemental Zn source on blood metabolites, insulin and mineral concentrations, and milk mineral concentrations following intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion. Seventy-two multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to one of four treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments included two environments: with or without evaporative cooling using fans and misters over the freestall and feedbunk, and two dietary sources of supplemental Zn: 75 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) supplied by Zn hydroxychloride (inorganic Zn; IOZ) or Zn hydroxychloride (35 mg of Zn/kg of DM) + Zn–Met complex (ZMC; 40 mg of Zn/kg of DM). A subset of cows (n = 16; 263 ± 63 d in milk) was infused with 10 μg of LPS or a saline control in the left or right rear quarters on day 34 of the environmental treatment. Individual milk samples collected from LPS-infused quarters at −4, 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 h relative to infusion were analyzed for minerals. Blood samples were collected at the same time with an additional sample collected at 3 h post-infusion to analyze glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and minerals. Cooling by time interactions (P ≤ 0.07) were observed for plasma glucose, NEFA, and serum insulin. Compared with cooled cows, non-cooled cows had lower concentrations of plasma glucose except at 3 h following intramammary LPS infusion, greater serum insulin at 3 and 12 h, and lower plasma NEFA at 24 and 48 h after infusion. Relative to cooled cows, non-cooled cows tended (P = 0.07) to have lower serum K concentration and had lower (P < 0.01) serum Zn 6 h following infusion (cooling by time interaction: P < 0.01). Relative to ZMC cows, IOZ cows had greater (P ≤ 0.09) concentrations of plasma Se, skim milk Na and Se, and skim milk Na to K ratio. Regardless of treatment, intramammary LPS infusion reduced (P < 0.01) serum or plasma concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Se, but increased (P < 0.01) their concentration in skim milk. In conclusion, deprivation of cooling resulted in more rapid and prolonged insulin release and influenced the systemic and mammary mineral metabolism during mammary inflammation induced by LPS of lactating dairy cows. Dietary supplementation of Zn–Met complex reduced blood and milk Se concentrations compared with cows fed Zn from an inorganic source.     

不同菌种发酵对朱缨花叶粉营养价值的影响

本试验旨在研究不同菌种组合发酵对朱缨花（Calliandracalothyrsus）叶粉的营养成分、抗营养成分（干物质基础）的影响。在相同条件下,以2%（v/w）的接种量添加罗伊氏乳杆菌（A）、乳酸片球菌（B）、枯草芽孢杆菌（C）,同时将这三种菌组合,加入双菌组合（2%/2%）或三菌组合（2%/2%/2%）发酵6天。结果表明：①与未发酵朱缨花叶粉（CON）相比,发酵处理显著降低了朱缨花叶粉粗脂肪（EE）、单宁含量（P<0.05）;B、A+B、A+C、A+B+C组显著提高了朱缨花叶粉粗蛋白质（CP）含量（P<0.05）;C、A+B、A+C、B+C、A+B+C组显著提高了粗灰分含量（P<0.05）;不同发酵处理对朱缨花叶粉中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、钙、磷、碳水化合物和能量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。②A+B+C组天冬酰胺含量显著高于A、B、C、A+B、A+C组（P<0.05）;B+C组丝氨酸含量显著高于CON、A、B、C、A+B+C组（P<0.05）;A+B+C组谷氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸含量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）;CON组半胱氨酸含量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）;CON、B+C组蛋氨酸含量显著高于A、A+B、A+C、A+B+C组（P<0.05）;CON、A+B+C组甘氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、总氨基酸（TAA）含量、必需氨基酸（EAA）、非必需氨基酸（NEAA）、EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）;不同发酵处理对朱缨花叶粉苏氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸含量无显著影响（P>0.05）。③未发酵与发酵的朱缨花叶粉EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA均接近FAO/WHO理想蛋白,EAA总量、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸含量均高于鸡蛋蛋白或FAO模式,但发酵朱缨花叶粉半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸低于鸡蛋蛋白和FAO模式。综上所述,未发酵及发酵的朱缨花叶粉都是优质的蛋白质饲料,不同菌种中以A+B+C发酵效果最佳。     

日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对肉鹅生长性能及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅生长性能、体尺、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉质性状的影响。选取健康、体重相近的15日龄四季鹅256只（公母各半）,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加10%、20%和30%苜蓿草粉。每组4个重复,每个重复16只鹅。饲养至70日龄时,测量其各项体尺指标,每个重复选取4只鹅屠宰取样,测定屠宰性能、器官指数及肉质性质。结果表明：与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、体斜长、龙骨长、胫围、半潜水长、胸宽、胫长、屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率等均无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加20%和30%苜蓿草粉显著提高了鹅的胸深（P<0.05）,添加30%苜蓿草粉显著降低了鹅的全净膛率（P<0.05）,添加10%苜蓿草粉显著提高了腿肌率（P<0.05）。此外,与对照组相比,苜蓿草粉组腹脂率均显著降低（P<0.05）,肝脏指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数均显著提高（P<0.05）,但胸肌、腿肌的滴水损失同时也提高了（P<0.05）;10%、30%苜蓿草粉组十二指肠指数均显著提高P<0.05）。综上所述,在日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可改善四季鹅的屠宰性能（增加胸深、提高腿肌率、降低腹脂率）,提高器官指数（肝脏指数、十二指肠指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数）,但会提高胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失;且添加过多的苜蓿草粉（30%）还会显著降低全净膛率。综合考虑,四季鹅日粮中以添加10%苜蓿草粉为宜。     

加减理肺散治疗高原育肥牦牛咳嗽症的体会

近几年,牦牛育肥技术逐步成熟,高原地区牦牛育肥规模不断增多,但随着牦牛由自然放牧转入棚舍育肥,咳嗽症时有发生。理肺散由冬花、天冬、麦冬、贝母、杏仁、紫苏、防风、甘草组成,具有清热化痰、润肺止咳、祛风散寒解表之功效,笔者运用经验方理肺散并随证加减,治疗高原育肥牦牛咳嗽症,效果明显并且有效预防药物残留风险。     

Effects of intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve on mastitis pathogens and somatic cell response in quarters from dairy cows with chronic subclinical mastitis

The present study assessed the effects of intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) on mastitis‐causing pathogens and on the somatic cell counts (SCC) in lactating cows with chronic subclinical mastitis. The bacteriological cure rates of 42 quarters from 42 cows infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, coagulase‐negative staphylococci, and environmental streptococci were 18.2% (2/11), 14.3% (1/7), 58.8% (10/17), and 28.6% (2/7), respectively, on day 14 after B. breve infusion. In a second trial, B. breve was infused into 18 quarters from 18 cows with chronic subclinical mastitis from which pathogens had not been isolated; the rates of quarters showing SCC > 50 × 10⁴ cells/ml prior to B. breve infusion that decreased to < 30 × 10⁴ cells/ml after infusion were significantly (p < .01) increased to 61.1% (11/18) on day 14 compared to that prior to infusion (0/18). The intramammary infusion of B. breve appears to be a non‐antibiotic approach for elimination of minor pathogens and decreasing SCC in quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.