投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化

试验分析了投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼(Pseudogrus fulvidraco)仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化。随着仔稚鱼的生长和发育,摄食率和胃充塞度逐渐加大,体长大于10 mm的仔鱼,摄食率都在93.3%以上,大多数个体胃充塞度都在3～5级。投喂卤虫无节幼体的黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长较传统育苗方式生长快,存活率高。体内粗养分、氨基酸与脂肪酸含量都发生相应变化。黄颡鱼淀粉酶、蛋白酶与脂肪酶活性均在1日龄时即可检测到,开口期即5日龄时,3种消化酶比活力均达到较高值,15日龄后消化酶比活力又都降低到较低水平。卤虫无节幼体体内营养物质含量丰富,大小适口,是黄颡鱼仔稚鱼开口摄食的优质生物饵料。     

Compensatory growth response of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under cycled starvation and restricted feeding rate

The compensatory growth response of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) that faced cycling starvation and restricted ration was assessed. Juveniles (10.5 g) were stocked into 15 tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Five different feeding regimes were tested on triplicate groups of fish: C_Satiation: control fed for 60 days without deprivation, C_Restricted: 25% restricted feeding, S‐R: 1 day starvation then 4 days C_Restricted feeding, R‐F: 1 day C_Restricted feeding then 4 days C_Satiation feeding, and, finally, S‐F: 1 day starvation then 4 days C_Satiation feeding. The specific growth rate of fish in the C_Satiation (2.5 ± 0.06% day^?1), S‐F (2.5 ± 0.11% day^?1) and R‐F (2.4 ± 0.18% day^?1) were significantly higher than that of C_Restricted (2.2 ± 0.05% day^?1) or S‐R (2.0 ± 0.01% day^?1). Fish in S‐F group were able to achieve catching up with the C_Satiation. There was no significant difference in feed conversion rates but R‐F and S‐F consumed approximately 34% more feed than C_Satiation following the first re‐feeding day. Although, the highest lipid content was observed in C_Satiation (14.4%), S‐R (33.3% dry matter) had the highest water content compared with the C_Satiation and C_Restricted (37.8% and 36.9% dry matter respectively). In conclusion, it may be concluded that sea bass has rapid response to cycling starvation/re‐feeding and that a 25% restricted feeding ratio is insufficient to invoke a compensatory growth response in sea bass.     

官井洋大黄鱼夏季食物组成和摄食习性

2010年6月在福建省官井洋海域收集579尾大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)标本进行胃含物分析,同步采集取样点附近水域浮游动物及张网样品,比较大黄鱼胃含物种类与水域中生物种类组成的相似性。结果表明:大黄鱼食物种类共32种,种类广泛。大黄鱼主要摄食十足类(相对重要性指标百分比%IRI=49.14%)、鱼类(%IRI=20.47%)、磷虾类(%IRI=18.31%)和糠虾类(%IRI=2.34%),具有以游泳动物、浮游动物为主要食物对象的肉食性摄食习性。细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)(相对重要性指标IRI=976.10,%IRI=35.38%)和中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)(IRI=505.27,%IRI=18.31%)为大黄鱼食物组成中最重要的食物种类。海区中,浮游动物以桡足类为主,占所有浮游动物总丰度的45.03%,主要优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica,优势度Y=0.14)、双刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera bipinnata,Y=0.09)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus,Y=0.06);张网渔获物共鉴定91种,主要为细螯虾、白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)、大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)蟳、双斑(Charybdis bimaculata)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunustrituberculatus)、银鲳(Pampus argenteus)鮻和棱(Liza carinatus)。研究表明,大黄鱼对食物种类具有明显的选择性,主要体现在喜好追逐捕食海区中的小型虾类和仔、稚、幼鱼以及体型相对较大的浮游动物磷虾类和糠虾类。     

Acceptability of various microparticulate diets to first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae

The acceptability of eight diets made by a wide variety of microparticulate manufacturing processes was studied using first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Diets were formulated using a common dietary mix but differed in manufacture technique. The microparticulate diets fed were (1) carrageenan bound, (2) alginate bound, (3) starch/konjack bound, (4) microextruded/maurmurized (MEM), (5) zein bound, (6) carboxymethyl cellulose bound (CMC), (7) particle-assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) and (8) a commercial microparticulate diet (Fry Feed Kyowa B-700, FFK). Controls were groups fed live Artemia nauplii and unfed. Gut fullness was measured as the cross-sectional optical area of the bolus visible through the transparent body of the larvae using computer-aided image analysis. Feeding incidence on MEM particles (71 ± 8%, mean ± standard error), zein-bound particles (69 ± 7%), alginate-bound particles (68 ± 2%) and PARA particles (65 ± 6%) were not significantly different ( P   0.05) from the feeding incidence for Artemia (71 ± 6%). FFK (49 ± 14%) and particles bound with carboxymethyl cellulose (27 ± 0.07%), starch (21 ± 10%) or carrageenan (20 ± 0.8%) had significantly ( P  < 0.05) lower feeding incidence. Larvae that did initiate feeding did not differ significantly ( P  > 0.05) in the amount of each microparticulate diet or Artemia consumed. This data indicates that once first-feeding walleye start on a diet, they will consume that diet to a similar fixed level of satiation. Given the differences in the amounts of water and nutrients in the various diets, more nutrients were delivered to the gut of walleye larvae feeding on microparticulate diets than on the Artemia control.     

温度变化对七带石斑鱼早期发育及开口摄食的影响

观察比较了9个温度梯度(13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27、29℃)对七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)受精卵孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率的影响。用在(21±0.5)℃条件下孵出的健康仔鱼进行耐饥饿和摄食实验,实验温度处理设两种方式:一、处理温度始终保持不变;二、将温度在处理48 h后统一调节至21℃。实验期间,每天统计仔鱼死亡数,测定不投饵条件下的存活指数(SAI),并观察仔鱼投饵后的开口摄食情况及其形态发育状况。结果表明:1)受精卵孵化的最适温度范围为17~23℃,当温度低于13℃或高于27℃时,受精卵不能孵化。21℃时,受精卵孵化率最高,为(93.67±1.52)%;而畸形率最低,为(1.06±1.06)%。当温度低于或高于21℃时其孵化率降低,而畸形率升高;2)在13~28℃范围内,初孵仔鱼的SAI值随着温度的上升先升高后逐渐降低,21℃时的SAI值最高,为(20.26±0.44)%。各组温度保持不变时,13℃和27℃的SAI值分别为(2.18±0.01)%、(8.47±0.28)%;调整一致后分别为(6.90±0.44)%、(13.30±0.31)%。温度调节组与不调节组相比,其SAI值明显提高。温度调节后,每个梯度组的畸形率也出现了不同程度的降低;3)不同温度处理的仔鱼开口摄食存在差异。21℃时,仔鱼的初始摄食率和饱食率分别可达80.0%和40.0%。随着温度偏离21℃,摄食率和饱食率均逐渐降低。温度调节恢复组的仔鱼摄食情况改善明显,其中17℃不变和恢复组对比变化最为明显:当保持17℃不变时仔鱼的摄食率和饱食率分别为20.0%、13.3%,而处理48 h后恢复到21℃后,两者分别提高到66.7%和33.3%,分别提高了2.3和1.5倍。     

Comparative feeding, growth and movements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr from riverine and estuarine environments

Abstract– The diet composition, movcments and growth of Atlantic salmon parr rearing in the estuary of Western Arm Brook, Newfoundland were compared with those of parr from riverine habitats over 2 years. Estuarine parr consumed a variety of prey, including many freshwater taxa (mainly insects), which indicated a dependence on freshwater drift from the river. Prey of estuarine origin (amphipods and sticklebacks) were increasingly consumed between spring and autumn. Prey volume per fish and number of prey per fish increased significantly for estuarine parr between spring and autumn, suggesting an improvement in food availability. Riverine parr, however, realized a general decrease in both parameters between spring and autumn. The recapture of 16% ( n = 131) of the 829 parr marked in the estuary in 1987 and 1988 indicated a directed movement toward the head of the estuary and river mouth, as also suggested by the diet analysis. Parr from outer estuary sites were very mobile compared with parr from the estuary site closest to the river mouth, which behaved more like parr in the river proper in displaying strong site fidelity. Movement patterns of parr were primarily along the shoreline. Individual growth rates were highly variable in both environments but especially in the estuary. The mean growth of estuarine parr was 0.23 mm. d⁻¹ between May and October with some evidence of fastest growth having occurred in late spring and early summer (approx. 0.4 mm. d⁻¹); mean growth rate of riverine parr was slower, at 0.12 mm. d⁻¹. The results are discussed in the context that estuarine rearing by salmon parr represents an alternative life-history tactic for the species in river systems in eastern Canada.     

Using patch studies to link mesoscale patterns of feeding and growth in larval fish to environmental variability

We present results from a series of three patch studies designed to examine links between environmental variability and mesoscale patterns of feeding and growth of larval radiated shanny ( Ulvaria subbifurcata ). We examine the effects of variability in temperature, turbulence and prey concentration on both the mean (i.e. population level) and the variance (i.e. individual level) of larval feeding and growth rates among the three bays. Although both gut fullness and growth rates differ significantly between bays, our results show only weak environmental influences. When larvae are pooled across bays (i.e. treated as independent observations), environmental factors generally explain <4% of the variability in gut fullness. When treated as daily mean residuals, however, temperature accounts for 41% of the variability in mean gut fullness, while both temperature and prey concentration also explain significant portions of the variance in gut fullness (38 and 43%, respectively). Between-bay differences in larval growth rates are consistent with patterns of temperature variation but not with patterns of prey availability. Studies relying on tracking a single patch of larvae typically suffer from having too few observations to detect significant relationships between feeding or growth and environmental variables. By following three patches we collected a larger number of observations. However, as we encountered only a limited range of environmental conditions it remains difficult to adequately assess the role of environmental factors. In part, this problem stems from the inability of fisheries oceanographers to track the recent environmental history of individual larvae on the same fine scales currently employed to collect biological data (e.g. guts and otoliths) on individuals.     

Growth and fry production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), on different feeding schedules

The effect of scheduled use of high‐protein and low‐protein diets on body weight and fry production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), was determined. A preliminary feeding trial was first conducted on fingerlings. These were fed a high‐protein diet (H, 25% protein) or a low‐protein diet (L, 18% protein) daily, or diet H for 1–3 days followed by diet L for 1–4 days. Final body weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diet H daily and in fish fed diet H for 2–3 days followed by diet L for 1 day (2H?1L and 3H?1L). Fingerlings on 1H?1L and 3H?2L had slightly lower growth. Based on the response of the fingerlings, five feeding schedules were tested with the broodstock. A high‐protein diet (HP, 40%) and a low‐protein diet (LP, 25%; same as H for fingerlings) were used. Feeding schedules significantly influenced body weight of female but not the male fish. Fry production was not significantly affected by the feeding schedule for broodstock. When growth, fry production and saving in feed cost were all considered, the broodstock on 1HP?1LP and 3HP?2LP feeding schedules both gave the highest overall performance. These findings give fish farmers an option in the management of feeding of tilapia broodstock.     

Assessing the food web impacts of an anadromous Arctic charr introduction to a sub‐Arctic watershed using stable isotopes

Anadromous Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), was introduced to a sub‐Arctic river–lake system near the village of Kujjuuaq, Nunavik, and the stable isotope values and diets of key resident fish species were used to assess changes in feeding patterns. Stable isotope values for most species did not differ significantly between the pre‐ and post‐introduction periods, with observed shifts being within the bounds of expected natural variation. Lake chub, Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz), were the single species to show a difference between study periods, with a small but significant increase in δ¹⁵N. No significant post‐introduction changes were seen in lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), omnivory or in any of the assessed quantitative food web metrics. Gut contents of major fish species similarly showed significant temporal overlap between the pre‐ and post‐introduction periods, and there was no significant change in species' weight–length relationships. The minor ecological impact was interpreted in relation to the availability of open niches exploitable by ecological generalists such as Arctic charr. The explanation accords with the known habitat and feeding flexibility of Arctic charr and the ecological immaturity of sub‐Arctic lakes known to have driven adaptive variation among Arctic charr. Findings suggest that anadromous Arctic charr may be introduced at moderate densities to other sub‐Arctic watersheds without major negative food web consequences for other resident fish species.