Formulation challenges of organic poultry diets with readily available ingredients and limited synthetic methionine

Organic agriculture has increased greatly over the past several years as consumer demand for these products has risen. Organic meat production, including poultry, has grown especially quickly, resulting in increasingly stringent guidelines being put in place to ensure safe, uniform, and ideal products for these consumers. Feed formulation and manufacturing for organic poultry in the United States are strictly regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program. Currently, no synthetic amino acids are allowed to be used in organic poultry diets in the United States except for limited quantities of synthetic methionine since it is typically considered the first or second limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal based poultry diets and it is a critical nutrient for maintaining bird growth and productive performance, especially regarding egg size in laying hens. The aim of the review herein is to discuss the impacts that current organic regulations on synthetic methionine have on diet formulation when using readily available ingredients. High levels of crude protein must be used to meet bird methionine requirements with this restriction in place, which both increases feed costs and can have negative impacts on bird health and on air quality and the surrounding environment due to increased ammonia emissions. Atypical feed formulation strategies have been explored to address this issue, including such methods as feeding alternative ingredients and providing forage materials. Another possibility would be to use an average lifetime maximum inclusion rate for synthetic methionine, which may allow for better flexibility to provide sufficient methionine throughout various phases of growth and production since the requirements of the bird change with age.     

Model of Information Integrating in CIMS Based on the Object-oriented Method

Information integrating is the most important key to CIMS,which is the base of the function integrating and all others.Because of so many kinds,so complicated structure,so many different sources and uses that the information in CIMS has,it is necessary to build a popular Information Integrating Model. The model of information integrating in the thesis bases on the enterprise model,which is presented by ISO(International Organization for Standardization).According to the object-oriented method,the process of modeling begins with classifying the information,and then describes the definition of the attributes and the structural relation of those objects. By means of the idea of Encapsulation and Inheritance,the destination of information integrating can be arrive and the model of information integrating can be set up. The model which is based on the share information is helpful to finish the function integrating and the whole CIMS' construction. Moreover,the system which is developed following such program can be reused for many times and the developing circle of CIMS can be apparently shortened,too.     

在水泵制造企业中应用成组技术

通过水泵生产企业现状的调查分析，在为某水泵厂开发计算机辅助企业现代化管理系统的基础上，提出了水泵生产企业运用成组技术，强化企业内部管理的内容和方法。     

饲料抗氧化剂及其应用

当今畜牧业高速发展,饲料抗氧化剂的应用已愈趋广泛。文章通过对抗氧化剂的定义及作用机理、种类、应用及展望进行综述,为饲料抗氧化剂在饲料生产中的进一步研究提供理论参考。     

饲料投喂及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响

为探究缩减饲料投喂量及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响,在鲢、鳙放养密度均为20 g/m~3的基础上,设置4个处理组库湾,分别为B1(不清淤、饵料投喂减半)、B2(清淤、不投饵)、B3(清淤、饵料投喂减半)和B4(不清淤、饵料投喂正常),实验周期为9个月。结果显示:4个库湾的总氮浓度、总磷浓度、高锰酸盐指数、藻类生物量从低到高分别为B2、B4、B1、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B3、B4(P0.05),浮游动物生物量之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见,B2无论是在营养盐的控制还是在藻类的控制方面均取得了最佳的效果。作为养殖库湾,其主要功能是得到更高的鱼产量。在达到养殖水质要求的情况下,为了得到更高的鱼产量,应合理地利用饵料。因此,对于养殖用水的处理,要根据具体的水质条件,采用合理的修复方式,实现水质改善和养殖生产的双赢。     

Using genetic methods for analysis of fish meals and feeds employed in Greek mariculture

Large quantities of high protein fish meals are needed to sustain cultured species and thus the impact to marine ecosystem has been highly discussed. The aim of this study was to apply a PCR‐cloning methodology for a robust insight into the composition of commercial fish meals and feeds for farmed species of the Greek mariculture, assessing the risk posed by aquaculture to marine ecosystems but also the risk posed by commercial fish feeds to the increase in trophic level of species farmed in Greece. 89% of the sequences were identified to species level and only 11% to genus/family level. Overall, a total of 49 taxa were identified (44 fish species/taxon, five non‐fish species/taxon). Even though small pelagic fish like Engraulis sp. were the main portion, a wide range of species constituted the fish meals and feeds. Plant and animal species were also detected as an alternative protein source. Feed products employed in Greek mariculture still contain large portions of fish meals which increase the mean trophic level of farmed species causing a farming up trend. The results emphasize that such molecular methodologies are needed to certify aquafeeds allowing fish feed producers to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable aquaculture.     

Tuna viscera protein hydrolysate: nutritive and disease resistance properties for Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus L.) larvae

The effect of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, gut microflora and resistance to bacterial challenge in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae during a 45‐day feeding trial has been investigated. Artificial diets containing different levels of tuna visceral protein hydrolysate (PH0, PH10, PH25 and PH50) and live foods (Artemia: 5 days, Daphnia: 40 days) were fed to Persian sturgeon larvae. Larvae fed on the PH10 and PH25 had growth, feed utilization, protein content and trypsin activity significantly better than PH0 and PH50 groups (P < 0.05). Condition factors, survival rate and pepsin activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Brush border membrane enzymes to cytosolic enzyme ratio revealed that maturation had been occurred in 41 days post hatch (dph) at moderate FPH levels. In 54 dph larvae, this ratio was not affected by the level of FPH in the diet. No significant differences were observed in the total number of gut microflora or in the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila (P > 0.05), whereas lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher in PH50 (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that application of moderate levels of FPH in Persian sturgeon diets could enhance larvae performance due to the early maturation in intestinal.     

An evaluation of potential diets for the culture of postpueruli spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Palinuridae)

Provision of a suitable feed is paramount for the ongoing success of spiny lobster culture. This study compared and evaluated the performance of seven diets for first instar juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus [5–6 mm carapace length (CL)] based on growth rates, survival, and feed conversion ratio. Results demonstrated that a seafood-based juvenile formulation produced the fastest growth rate (3.49% weight gain day⁻¹ and 0.90% CL increase day⁻¹ over a 28-day period). These growth rates were also reflected by a low feed conversion rate (3.04) for this formulated feed. Similar results were also obtained for juveniles fed a frozen seafood diet, however, frozen brine shrimp, Artemia salina (both enriched and un-enriched), frozen enriched mysis shrimp, a dry pellet, and a meal-based juvenile formulation did not produce consistent growth rates. Survival rates ranged between 38% and 85% and demonstrate that juvenile lobsters have better likelihoods of survival in captive culture environments compared to the wild. Although further nutritional refinement is recommended, the results from this research have significant implication for the possible expansion of juvenile spiny lobster growout to a larger scale.     

鲇形目亲鱼和仔稚鱼营养需求特点研究进展

正鲇形目鱼包含35个科。其中斑点叉尾(Ietalurus punetaus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、长吻(Leiocassis longirostris)、斑鳠(Mystus guttatus)、胡子鲇(Clarias fuscus)等品种肉质鲜美、营养丰富,是我国重要的淡水经济鱼类,深受广大消费者的青睐。鲇形目鱼类的市场需求持续增加,养殖规模也不断扩大。有关鲇形目鱼幼鱼、成鱼等营养饲料方面的研究报道较多,但其亲鱼和仔稚鱼营养素需求及配合饲料研究相对滞后。