不同蛋白质水平饲粮对大巴沙三元杂种猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究不同蛋白质水平饲粮对大巴沙猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响,选择体重25 kg左右的大巴沙三元杂种猪36头,随机分成3组,每组2个重复,每个重复6头,公母比例一致。试验分前期(25~60 kg)和后期(60~100 kg)2个阶段。高蛋白质组前期和后期蛋白质水平分别为16.00%和14.02%,中蛋白质组分别为15.00%和13.02%,低蛋白质组为14.00%和12.02%。结果表明,与中蛋白质组、低蛋白质组相比,高蛋白质组全期日增重分别提高5.47%(P0.05)和10.31%(P0.05),全期料重比分别降低3.28%(P0.05)和11.72%(P0.05);3点平均背膘厚分别提高0.56cm(P0.01)和0.29 cm(P0.05);眼肌面积分别提高7.85%和降低3.45%;整个试验期每千克增重成本分别降低0.23元和1.05元。综合考虑,大巴沙三元杂种猪饲粮适宜的粗蛋白质水平为前期15.00%~16.00%、后期13.02%~14.02%。     

无抗发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、肠道菌群和养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究无抗发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、肠道菌群和养分表观消化率的影响。选择18 kg左右断奶仔猪60头,随机分为2个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂含抗生素基础饲粮(每千克含黄霉素5 mg),试验组饲喂80%基础饲粮和20%的无抗发酵饲料组成的试验饲粮。试验期154 d。结果表明:1)试验组的末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量都显著高于对照组(P0.05),而料重比则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)试验组中期和后期的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05),而试验组中期和后期的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量的对数值显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3)在十二指肠肠段,试验组肠道食糜中的乳酸菌和大肠杆菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)在十二指肠肠段,试验组肠道每克和每平方厘米黏膜的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组肠道每克黏膜的大肠杆菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在空肠肠段,试验组肠道每克和每平方厘米黏膜的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。5)试验组的粗蛋白质和粗纤维的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,无抗发酵饲料能提高生长育肥猪的生长性能,改善肠道微生物平衡,增强消化能力。     

The effect of different concentrations of linseed oil or fish oil in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition and oxidative status of sows and piglets

N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for foetal development. Hence, including n‐3 PUFA in the sow diet can be beneficial for reproduction. Both the amount and form (precursor fatty acids vs. long chain PUFA) of supplementation are important in this respect. Furthermore, including n‐3 PUFA in the diet can have negative effects, such as decreased arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration and increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the efficacy to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in the piglet, when different concentrations of linseed oil (LO, source of precursor α‐linolenic acid) or fish oil (FO, source of EPA and DHA) were included in the maternal diet. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet including 0.5% or 2% LO or FO from day 45 of gestation until weaning. Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant in the diets to prevent a decrease in ARA, and all diets were supplemented with α‐tocopherol acetate (150 mg/kg) and organic selenium (0.4 mg/kg) to prevent oxidative stress. Feeding 0.5% LO or 0.5% FO to the sows resulted in comparable EPA concentrations in the 5‐day old piglet liver, but both diets resulted in lower EPA concentrations than when 2% LO was fed. The highest EPA concentration was obtained when 2% FO was fed. The DHA level in the piglet liver could only be increased when FO, but not LO, was fed to the sows. The 2% FO diet had no advantage over the 0.5% FO diet to increase DHA in the piglet. Despite the constant LA concentration in the sow diet, a decrease in ARA could not be avoided when LO or FO were included in the diet. Feeding 2% FO to the sows increased the malondialdehyde concentration (marker for lipid peroxidation) in sow plasma, but not in piglets.     

Effect of the route of administration on the mucosal and systemic immune responses to Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in pigs

In an on‐farm study, 40 weaned piglets aged 3 weeks were vaccinated with Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine orally, IM or IP while a fourth group remained unvaccinated. All vaccinated animals showed increased serum levels of L. intracellularis‐specific IgG antibodies, but significantly elevated concentrations of specific IgG, IgA and cytokines were generated in ileal mucosal secretions from the orally and IP vaccinated pigs when examined at 17 days after vaccination.     

Study on Feed Value of Cassava Residue for Growing-Fishing Pigs

To determine the apparent digestibility of cassava residue (CR) nutrient and the effects of CR on growth performance when replaced the different levels corn in diet,two experiments were designed.In the first experiment,8 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred barrow pigs with the similar weight (22.46 kg±1.08 kg) were chosen for determining the apparent digestibility of CR.The pre-test period lasted for 10 days,and the trial period lasted for 5 days.In the second experiment,160 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred pigs with the similar weight(21.09 kg±0.72 kg) were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates per group and eight pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with basal diet while the experimental groups were fed diets containing 5%,10%,15% and 20% levels of substitution of corn by CR,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 5 days,and the trial period lasted for 30 days.The results showed that the content of CP and EE in CR were 2.73% and 0.68%,but CF and total energy were 15.34% and 13.55 MJ/kg.The content of Lys and Thr were 0.11% and 0.08%,respectively.Calcium and phosphorus apparent digestibility were low,just only 40.24% and 34.76%,respectively,while apparent total energy digestibility was 65.62%.The apparent digestibility of Arg,Glu,Tyr,Met,Leu and Val were higher than 80%.The average daily gain was reduced with increasing dose of CR,which the group of 15% and 20% addition were significantly lower than that of control group (P< 0.05).However,the average daily gain of 5% and 10% groups were no significant difference with the control group(P >0.05).The feed cost of 5% and 10% addition groups were decreased by 0.01 and 0.05 yuan.In conclusion,under this experimental condition,the appropriate addition of CR for growing-fishing pig (20 to 50 kg ) was 5% to 10% in the diet.     

肉牛场生命周期估计及环境影响评价

试验采用生命周期估计(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法对江西高安某存栏1 800头的肉牛育肥场在整个育肥期间(7个月)的污染物排放量,以及污染物在全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成方面对环境的影响进行了评估。系统边界包括化肥生产、农作物种植、饲料运输、肉牛生产和粪便处理。结果表明:温室气体排放量为(以CO2当量计)为11 908t,环境酸化气体排放量(以SO2当量计)为84.6t,富营养化气体排放量为(以PO43-当量计)为14.4t,光化学臭氧合成问题气体排放量为(以C2H4当量计)为1.68t。其中饲料运输主要影响全球变暖(占总排放量的49.8%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的54.1%),而粪便处理主要影响环境酸化(占总排放量的70.1%)和富营养化(占总排放量的76.4%),肉牛生产对环境的影响主要是全球变暖(占总排放量的18.1%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的30.9%)。因此,可考虑通过降低运输距离,改善饲料配方、粪便处理方式等降低污染物排放量。     

Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork‐Related Public Health Hazards

The seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Yersinia spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. was studied in 1353 finishing pigs from 259 farms that were allocated according to farm types: large fattening farms (≥1000 pig places), small fattening farms (< 1000 pig places) and farrow‐to‐finish farms. The antibodies were analysed with commercial ELISA kits in meat juice samples that were collected at Finnish slaughterhouses. Salmonella antibodies were rare (3% of pigs, 14% of farms) when the cut‐off optical density (OD) value 0.2 was used. Antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia spp. and T. gondii were detected in 57% of pigs and 85% of farms (OD ≥0.3) and in 3% of pigs and 9% of farms (OD ≥0.15), respectively. No antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected (OD ≥0.3). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, T. gondii and Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazards in the context of meat inspection of pigs. The seroprevalence of these important zoonotic pathogens was low in Finland, except that of Yersinia. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was significantly higher in pigs originating from small‐scale fattening farms (P < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was observed at the animal level between Salmonella and Yersinia seropositivity and between Salmonella and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P < 0.05). We suggest that these results reflect the level and importance of biosecurity measures applied on the farms. Meat juice serology at slaughter is a useful tool for targeting measures to control these pathogens. The information obtained from analyses should be used as part of the food chain information (FCI).     

基于改进YOLO v7的生猪群体体温热红外自动检测方法

针对当前生猪规模化养殖过程中基于热红外技术的生猪体温测量效率低的问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v7的生猪群体体温检测方法。改进YOLO v7算法在Head层引入VoV-GSCSP结构,降低网络结构复杂度;使用内容感知特征重组(Content-aware reassembly of features,CARAFE)替换模型原始上采样算子,提高特征图放大后的品质,强化生猪头部区域有效特征;引入感受野增强模块（Receptive field enhancement module,RFE）,增强特征金字塔对生猪头部特征的提取能力。本文改进YOLO v7算法对于生猪头部的检测精确率为87.9%,召回率为92.5%,平均精度均值（Mean average precision,mAP）为94.7%。与原始YOLO v7相比,精确率提高3.6个百分点,召回率提高7.0个百分点,mAP提高3.6个百分点。该方法首先自动检测生猪头部区域,再利用头部最大温度与耳根温度的高相关性,最终自动获取生猪体温。温度提取平均绝对误差仅为0.16℃,检测速度为222f/s,实现了生猪群体体温的实时精准检测。综合上述试验结果表明,该方法能够自动定位生猪群体的头部区域,满足生猪群体体温测定的高效和高精度要求,为群养生猪体温自动检测提供了有效的技术支撑。     

Microscopic examination of the intestinal wall and selected organs of minipigs orally supplemented with humic acids

Humic acids are used to prophylactically treat intestinal diseases in a wide number of species, yet the mechanism of action remains unknown. The general assumption has been that humic acids act locally; however studies using young piglets show orally supplemented humic acids can penetrate the intestinal wall, and thus potentially act systemically. The objective of this study was to determine if humic acids could also cross the intestinal barrier in adult pigs and be detected in other organs. Adult minipigs (>18 months old) orally received either 1 g humic acids/kg body weight (verum, n = 3) or placebo (control, n = 3), for 2 weeks. At the end of the feeding period tissue samples were harvested from the intestine, various glands and organs. Unstained tissue samples were examined by light microscopy for the presence of humic acid particles. No humic acid particles were detected in any of the unstained tissues from verum or control pigs.