海南坡鹿饲草粗蛋白质和微量元素含量与喜食性的关系

在海南大田国家级自然保护区围栏内,测定海南坡鹿饲草的喜食性;采集坡鹿经常采食的草本植物和灌木各18种,测定其粗蛋白质、铁、锰、锌和铜含量,并分析其与饲草喜食性的相关关系.结果显示,随着粗蛋白质和微量元素含量增加,饲草的喜食性显著提高,海南坡鹿优先摄取粗蛋白质和微量元素含量丰富的饲草.灌木类饲草的粗蛋白质、铁、锰、锌和铜含量分别为12.24%、265.44、61.43、26.72和17.82mg/kg,均显著高于草本类饲草含量(依次为9.39%、142.67、34.05、13.67和9.44mg/kg).灌木是海南坡鹿旱季长达半年多时间里在大田保护区围栏内得以维持平衡的生态营养需要的重要营养源.对海南坡鹿饲草资源量的研究表明,大田保护区围栏内坡鹿喜食的灌木类饲草的可采食资源量在逐步减少,这是由于它们被坡鹿长期选择性采食所导致的.     

饲粮维生素A添加水平对7～12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、血清生化指标及初角茸生长的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮维生素A添加水平对7~12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、血清生化指标及初角茸生长的影响。选取40只7月龄平均体重为(39.64±4.10)kg的健康雄性梅花鹿,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,分别饲喂在基础饲粮(含5 mg/kgβ-胡萝卜素)中添加0(对照组)、2 500、5 000和10 000IU/kg维生素A的试验饲粮。试验期从7月龄开始至12月龄结束。结果表明:1)饲粮维生素A添加水平对梅花鹿生长性能无显著性影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加2 500、5 000IU/kg维生素A显著提高梅花鹿血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加2 500、5 000、10 000IU/kg维生素A显著提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),饲粮维生素A添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、丙二醛(MDA)、睾酮(T)及雌二醇(E2)含量无显著性影响(P0.05)。3)5 000IU/kg维生素A添加组初角茸干茸重显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与其他2组差异不显著(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,适量添加维生素A能够增强7~12月龄梅花鹿免疫和抗氧化功能,提高初角茸干茸重。7~12月龄梅花鹿饲喂以玉米和苜蓿草粉为主的饲粮时,饲粮维生素A适宜添加水平为2 500~5 000IU/kg。     

公路对天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种内遗传分化的影响

为研究公路对大型哺乳动物造成的影响,分别采集新疆省道110、203、303公路两侧的天山马鹿粪便样本,采用5个微卫星位点进行个体识别后利用Arlequin3．11进行遗传距离、基因多样性、杂合度等测定分析。结果表明：5个微卫星均具有很好的多态性,5地区中松树塘与寒气沟、白石头马鹿的遗传距离最远,松树塘马鹿的基因杂合度、基因型数量均最低;小西沟与白杨沟马鹿之间遗传距离为负值,其基因杂合度、基因型无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。说明公路对栖息地的分割状态不同,会导致种群的遗传情况改变。当公路仅深入栖息地没有将栖息地割裂时,公路两旁种群无差异;当栖息地被公路完全隔绝,则该栖息地内动物的基因杂合度、基因型数量降低;使用中的公路对临近种群的隔绝效果强于废弃旧公路。     

黑麂血液生理生化指标的测定

首次检测了黑麂血液常规和生理生化等23项指标,并与鹿科梅花鹿做了比较。测定结果显示,黑麂的红细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、红细胞比容高于梅花鹿指标,而白细胞、红细胞体积、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、平均血红蛋白量、红细胞体积分布宽度指标低于梅花鹿指标。黑麂白细胞分类结果显示,白细胞和单核细胞约占90%;嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞所占百分比各占约2%。黑麂血清生化指标测定结果显示,总胆固醇和血糖两项指标高于梅花鹿的指标;甘油三酯(TG)及极低密度脂蛋白(VLDI-C)含量显著高于梅花鹿。检测结果反映了黑麂的机体生理机能,是进行疾病临床诊断和治疗的依据。     

鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽体外抗氧化性及其机理研究

在碱性蛋白酶最适条件下水解鹿血清蛋白,水解时间为0~5 h,鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽的水解度(DH)随着水解时间增加而增加(P0.05),鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽还原能力、清除自由基的作用和Cu2+螯合能力随着水解时间的增加而显著提高(P0.05),鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽能有效抑制硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(TBARS)生成(P0.05)。结果表明,鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽的抗氧化活性取决水解时间,鹿血清蛋白抗氧化肽是有效的抗氧化剂。     

Effects of dietary manganese supplementation on nutrient digestibility and production performance in male sika deer (Cervus Nippon)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of manganese (Mn) supplementation on nutrient digestibility and antler growth in male sika deer. Twenty 3‐year‐old male sika deer were divided into four groups (Control, T40, T80 and T120). The control diet contained 22.2 mg Mn/kg. The treatment diets were supplemented with 40, 80 and 120 mg of Mn/kg (provided as Mn methionine). The results showed that the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in the T80 group was greater than other groups. Higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed in the T80 group than in the control group. Plasma Mn concentrations in the T80 and T120 groups were higher (P < 0.01) than control and T40 group (P < 0.01). The concentration of Mn in feces was increased with increasing Mn amount. Average daily gain of fresh antler and dry antler of T80 was greater than other groups, especially the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the suitable level of Mn supplementation was found to be 80 mg/kg (total Mn content 103.4 mg/kg dry matter), which significantly increased antler daily gain and feed digestibility in 3‐year‐old sika deer.     

新西兰鹿的福利及实施措施

新西兰鹿业协会为加大鹿及鹿产品在国际市场上的竞争力,积极实施鹿福利制度。文中主要介绍了新西兰在鹿的运输、锯茸及饲养管理等方面所实施的具体福利措施。     

梅花鹿能量代谢与能量需要研究进展

梅花鹿人工养殖在我国已有２００多年的历史。通过对近几年来我国梅花鹿能量代谢与能量需要方面研究的回顾,总结了成年公鹿绝食代谢产热量、维持能量需要量、生茸期能量代谢规律、不同生理时期饲粮中适宜能量浓度以及能量需要量等研究结果。     

梅花鹿三种保定药物对比实验

本文通过用静松灵、司可林、眠乃宁三种保定药物保定梅花鹿对比实验，得出：①静松灵一次性给药剂量较大，生产中操作不方便。②司可林一次给药剂量虽小，但有效剂量与致死剂量十分接近，剂量误差易导致鹿死亡。③静松灵和司可林均无有效拮抗药物，且后遗性影响较大。④眠乃宁注射剂量适中，剂量误差不会导致鹿死亡，无后遗性影响。拮抗药物苏醒灵拮抗效果优良，使眠乃宁的应用更安全。     

Seasonal differences in rumen bacterial flora of wild Hokkaido sika deer and partial characterization of an unknown bacterial group possibly involved in fiber digestion in winter

Rumen digesta was obtained from wild Hokkaido sika deer to compare bacterial flora between summer and winter. Bacterial flora was characterized with molecular‐based approaches and enrichment cultivation. Bacteroidetes was shown as a major phylum followed by Firmicutes, with similar proportions in both seasons. However, two phylogenetically unique groups in Bacteroidetes were found in each season: unknown group A in winter and unknown group B in summer. The ruminal abundance of unknown group A was the highest followed by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in winter. Moreover, the abundance of these two was higher in winter than in summer. In contrast, the abundance of unknown group B was higher in summer than in winter. In addition, this group showed the highest abundance in summer among the bacteria quantified. Unknown group A was successfully enriched by cultivating with oak bark and sterilized rumen fluid, particularly that from deer. Bacteria of this group were distributed in association with the solid rather than the liquid rumen fraction, and were detected as small cocci. Accordingly, unknown group A is assumed to be involved in degradation of fibrous materials. These results suggest that wild Hokkaido sika deer develop a rumen bacterial flora in response to changes in dietary conditions.