甘露寡糖对肉鸡生产性能和肠道微生物以及免疫机能的影响

为探明甘露寡糖在肉鸡生产上的最佳使用剂量,选用11日龄广东岭南黄肉鸡1200只,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每重复50只鸡,分别饲喂6种不同日粮,自由采食和饮水.第1组为空白对照组,第2,3,4,5,6组为试验组,在基础日粮的基础上分别添加1g/kgBio-MOS(甘露寡糖),4mg/kg黄霉素,1g/kgBio-MOS+4mg/kg黄霉素,0.5g/kgBio-MOS和1.5g/kgBio-MOS.结果表明:(1)添加Bio-MOS,提高了肉鸡的日增重和采食量,但与对照组之间差异不显著(p>0.05).(2)添加Bio-MOS1g/kg,盲肠中双歧杆菌显著高于对照组(p<0.05),但对回肠中双歧杆菌增殖效果不明显.与对照组相比,添加不同水平的Bio-MOS对盲、回肠乳酸杆菌增殖效果不明显,但不同程度地提高了盲肠中乳酸杆菌的含量;盲肠中大肠杆菌数量没有明显降低;回肠中除0.5g/kg组外,其余各组之间大肠杆菌含量差异不显著.(3)与对照组相比,添加Bio-MOS1g/kg极显著地提高了血液中T淋巴细胞的百分率(p<0.01).添加Bio-MOS对血清中新城疫抗体效价影响不明显,但以饲料中添加Bio-MOS1g/kg效果最好.饲料中添加Bio-MOS对血清中IgA,IgG,IgM影响不显著,但添加Bio-MOS1g/kg,其IgA,IgG,IgM的含量明显高于其他各组.(4)肉鸡日粮中同时添加甘露寡糖和黄霉素,两者表现出协同作用,但不及甘露寡糖单独使用时的效果.     

铁对患肠炎仔猪生长性能·消化率及肠道微生物的影响

研究了添加硫酸亚铁对DDS诱发肠炎仔猪生长性能、消化率及肠道微生物数量的影响,结果表明:在患有肠炎的断奶仔猪日粮中添加低剂量的铁可以提高仔猪的生产性能和消化率,但对治疗腹泻效果不明显;而高剂量的铁易导致肠道粘膜的氧化损伤,加剧肠炎症状,致使消化率、日增重明显降低,肠道微生物菌群失衡。     

施用废菌棒对甘蔗菌根、根际微生物和土壤肥力的影响

蔗田施用废菌棒(以蔗渣为培养料种植香菇后的废弃菌棒)后,根系皮层细胞中菌丝、泡囊、丛枝增多.根系皮层及中柱的改变也表现在新根的发生点大量出现.田间观察到甘蔗在生长中后期,新根明显增多.7月份甘蔗根际土壤的固氮菌、有机磷分解细菌、细菌总数比对照的增加6.0-29.4倍.它们的活动可为拔节旺长的甘蔗提供更多养分.10-12月份,纤维分解细菌、有机磷分解菌、固氮菌相应较多,土壤酶活性、土壤有效养分(N、P、K)均显著多于对照,这些微生物类群与甘蔗后期生长及糖的合成、运输关系较密切.     

鸡空肠和盲肠微生物区系的研究

应用２０日龄白来航小母鸡的肠道内容物,研究消化道部分区段微生物区系,分离鉴定出需氧菌和厌氧菌,并进行了毒力试验。结果表明,每克肠内容物含细菌的对数值（ｌｏｇｎ／ｇ）为：空肠中消化球菌９．６±０．２、双歧杆菌９．４±０．５、拟杆菌１０．６±０．６、葡萄球菌６．６±０．６、乳杆菌９．３、肠杆菌６．８±０．４;盲肠中葡萄球菌６．７±０．６、消化球菌９．８±０．３、双歧杆菌９．２±０．８、拟杆菌１０．２±０．２、棒状杆菌８．７±０．４、肠杆菌６．８±０．３、链球菌７．２±０．２、乳杆菌９．６±０．４、酵母菌４．２±１．４．     

EM菌在水产养殖中的应用概述

为了能改善水质、渔业增殖和修复生态环境,EM菌的应用得到了广泛的关注,成为近几年研究的热点。鉴于此,本研究系统梳理了EM菌的定义及来源,综述了国内外近几十年EM菌在水产养殖中的作用效果及其作用机理,阐述了影响EM菌作用效果的因素等;发现EM菌在调控微生物生态结构、降低水环境中有害物质、提高免疫、增重增产等方面有着显著的效果,但EM菌技术的基础理论研究还比较薄弱,且生产技术及应用过程等还存在着不足。因此今后应提高生产技术,建立和提高筛选系统,并开发EM菌在水产养殖研究和应用的新领域,为水产养殖创造更大的经济价值,并为可持续养殖提供可能。     

尿素对鲤鱼消化道菌群的影响

用 释平板计数法对摄食含尿素饲料和对照饲料的健康鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio)肠道内菌群进行了分析，结果表明对照组鲤鱼肠道中需氧，兼性厌氧优势菌为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，葡萄球菌属和微球菌属，可以利用尿素的细菌占细菌总数的55％，试验组中优势菌为芽孢杆菌属，肠杆菌科和葡萄球菌属，微示菌属和气单胞菌属数量明显减少，假单孢菌属和产碱菌属则未检出，新检测出不动杆菌属，能利用尿素的细菌占总数的85％。     

Application of long‐chain alcohols as diet‐composition markers in sheep fed on grass–white clover and heather–gorse plant species

Utilization of long‐chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet‐composition markers in sheep consuming six diets composed of improved pasture species (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) with heather–gorse components (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris and Ulex gallii) was evaluated. Twenty‐four adult cross‐bred sheep were housed in individual stalls. Diet composition was estimated from LCOH concentrations, combined or not with alkanes and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) data using least‐squares procedures. Prior to calculations, faecal concentrations were corrected using mean treatment (faecal recovery 1, FR1) recoveries and mean recoveries across diets (FR2). Estimates were compared with those obtained without faecal correction (FR0) and known values. Large differences between plant species and plant parts were found in LCOH patterns and total LCOH concentrations. LCOH provided complementary information to that given by alkanes and LCFA. Even‐chain LCOH comprised the largest fraction, representing on average 0·894 of total concentrations. Faecal recovery was incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length (CCL) in a curvilinear manner (FR = ?7·872 + 0·580 × CCL ? 0·010 × CCL²; P < 0·001; r² = 0·752). Diet composition influenced (P < 0·001) LCOH recovery, although variability within (CV of 9·0%) and between (CV of 13·3%) diets was low. Accuracy of estimates was influenced (P < 0·001) by faecal‐correction method and markers used, and the best estimate was obtained combining LCOH and alkanes. Improvement in estimate accuracy can be achieved if suitable correction of LCOH faecal concentrations is performed prior to calculations. Results indicated that LCOH showed lower dependence than alkanes and LCFA on the use of accurate faecal‐correction data.     

Has the optimum time for faecal nematode egg count reduction testing in sheep in New Zealand changed?

Abstract

AIM: To determine what, if any, changes have taken place in the optimum time, for undertaking faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) in sheep in New Zealand.

METHODS: A comparison was made between the numbers and types of nematode genera adequately represented for testing purposes (faecal nematode egg count (FEC) of >50 epg) in initial FECRT case submissions to a veterinary laboratory in New Zealand, during two 4-year periods, in 1992–1995 and 2006–2009.

RESULTS: Although there were some minor differences between them, the seasonal patterns of occurrence remained basically the same for all parasite genera in both datasets, with their individual peak periods of representation occurring during February to May in all instances. Not surprisingly, this period of maximum seasonal occurrence for each parasite genus also coincided with those months of the year when the greatest numbers of worm genera were adequately represented for faecal nematode egg count reduction (FECR) testing.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the optimum time for conducting FECRT in sheep in New Zealand continues to be during the late summer-autumn months of February to May. However, they also reaffirmed that even during this optimal period there are still likely to be many occasions when relatively few nematode genera may be sufficiently well represented for satisfactory FECR testing. Accordingly, veterinary practitioners ought to be aware that, in order to obtain a complete picture of the resistance status of all worm genera on a particular property, such testing may need to be carried out on more than one occasion.     

不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡肠道菌群的影响

1日龄AA肉仔鸡250只,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组(Ⅰ)喂给基础日粮,试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ)分别在基础日粮中添加脱乙酰度为82.5%、86.2%、90.5%和95.3%的壳聚糖10g/kg。试验期7周。试验结果表明:不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡肠道菌群的影响不同,在21日龄,脱乙酰度82.5%壳聚糖组能显著抑制盲肠大肠杆菌的增殖(P<0.05),各壳聚糖组均能不同程度地促进盲肠乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的增殖,其中脱乙酰度90.5%、95.3%壳聚糖组对双歧杆菌数量的影响差异显著(P<0.05);35日龄,各组盲肠大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌数量无显著差异;脱乙酰度82.5%和86.2%壳聚糖组与对照组相比能促进盲肠乳酸杆菌的增殖,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。