Dynamic change of organic acids secreted from wheat roots in Mn deficiency

Through solution culture experiment and liquid chromatogram technique, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with different tolerances to Mn deficiency were used to study the dynamic change of organic acids secreted from wheat root in the conditions of no Mn, low Mn and normal Mn supply. Nine kinds of organic acids were measured in wheat root exudate. The results showed that there were significant differences of organic acids in root exudate between tolerant genotype and susceptible genotype under Mn-stressed conditions. Tolerant genotype 9023 secreted more organic acids from the plant roots than susceptible genotype CM28. The main organic acid exudate included tartaric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Of all these acids, the amounts of tartaric acid and malic acid in root exudate showed significant differences between the tolerant genotype and susceptible genotype under Mn-stressed conditions. The results also indicated that secreting organic acids into root rhizosphere was an active response to Mn deficiency for the tolerant genotype of wheat.     

木榄幼苗根系分泌物的GC-MS分析

以不同极性的乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷为提取剂分别提取木榄幼苗水培收集液,采用GC-MS测定其根系分泌物组成,并与根际、非根际、裸滩土壤浸提液中的根系分泌物组成进行对比,分析木榄幼苗根系分泌物的特征。结果表明,乙酸乙酯提取法有较高的提取效率,提取得到的根系分泌物种类较多,共测得40种化合物,其中12种组分在根际土壤提取液中可检测到。比较分析可知,木榄幼苗根系分泌物主要为烃类、酯类和酚类化合物,其中烃类以不饱和脂肪烃为主。     

Hounsfield units are a useful predictor of pleural effusion cytological type in dogs but not in cats

All categories of pleural effusion subjectively display as soft tissue opacity on computed tomography (CT). Quantitative measurement using Hounsfield units (HU) has the potential to bring additional information regarding the nature of the fluid in a noninvasive way. The purposes of this retrospective cross‐sectional analytical study were to compare Hounsfield units of different pleural effusion categories in dogs and cats, assess association between specific cytologic parameters and Hounsfield units, and evaluate the effect of dependent vs. nondependent aspect of the effusion pool on Hounsfield unit. A total of 111 patients (74 dogs and 37 cats) with pleural effusion, that underwent thoracic CT and diagnostic thoracocentesis, were included in the study. Effusions were cytologically categorized as exudate, transudate, modified transudate, hemorrhage, or chyle. Significant differences existed in Hounsfield units between categories in dogs (P < 0.0001) but not in cats (P = 0.334). Canine chylous effusion (6.1 ± 4.7 HU (mean ± standard deviation)) and transudate (5.6 ± 2.0) were significantly lower than exudate (20.3 ± 9.5) and hemorrhage (21.4 ± 9.2). No significant differences were found between modified transudate (13.6 ± 10.3) and other categories. Significant, weak linear correlation was identified in dogs between Hounsfield units and total protein (P = 0.018, R² = 0.089), red blood cells (P = 0.021, R² = 0.077), and total nucleated cells (P = 0.013, R² = 0.089). The Hounsfield units of dependent effusion was not significantly higher than the nondependent effusion, except for canine chylous effusion (P = 0.008). Fourteen Hounsfield units was identified as the most clinically useful threshold: <14 HU identified transudate or chylous effusion with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 69%. A threshold >14 HU had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 69% for identifying exudate, modified transudate, or hemorrhage.     

Relationship between the Amount of Root Exudate and the Infection Rate of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Gramineous and Leguminous Crops

Abstract

We measured the concentration of polyols (pinitol, ononitol, and myo-inositol), which are known to have health-promoting and/or disease-preventing functions, in the common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) cultured under salt- and drought-stressed treatments. In NaCl-treated plant the concentration of pinitol/ononitol increased with increasing NaCl concentration in culture solution. The maximal concentration was 3.6 mg g-¹ FW, which was foundin the shoot top, followed by small side shoots (2.1 mg g-¹ FW) of mature plants grown with 400 mM NaCl for 35 ds. The drought stress also accelerated the accumulation of pinitol/ ononitol. The maximal concentration was 1.2 mg g-¹ FW, which was found in the shoot top of plants under the stress for 25 ds. The myo-inositol increased in salt-stressed plants at 3 ds after the start of the treatment and then decreased with the lapse of time during stress. The concentration of polyols in the ice plant was comparable to that in the other species reported to accumulate polyols at high levels. Radical scavenging activity evaluated by DPPH assay was increased two-fold by 400 mM NaCl treatment, which was twice as high as that in the leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). These results indicated the high potential of the ice plant as a polyol-rich high-functional food.     

Root exudation of sugars,amino acids,and organic acids by maize as affected by nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,and iron deficiency

Root exudates play a major role in the mobilization of sparingly soluble nutrients in the rhizosphere. Since the amount and composition of major metabolites in root exudates from one plant species have not yet been systematically compared under different nutrient deficiencies, relations between exudation patterns and the type of nutrient being deficient remain poorly understood. Comparing root exudates from axenically grown maize plants exposed to N, K, P, or Fe deficiency showed a higher release of glutamate, glucose, ribitol, and citrate from Fe‐deficient plants, while P deficiency stimulated the release of γ‐aminobutyric acid and carbohydrates. Potassium‐starved plants released less sugars, in particular glycerol, ribitol, fructose, and maltose, while under N deficiency lower amounts of amino acids were found in root exudates. Principal‐component analysis revealed a clear separation in the variation of the root‐exudate composition between Fe or P deficiency versus N or K deficiency in the first principal component, which explained 46% of the variation in the data. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the amounts of sugars, organic and amino acids released under deficiency of a certain nutrient and the diffusion coefficient of the respective nutrient in soils. We thus hypothesize that the release of dominant root exudates such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids by roots may reflect an ancient strategy to cope with limiting nutrient supply.     

METABOLITE PROFILING OF SHOOT EXTRACTS,ROOT EXTRACTS,AND ROOT EXUDATES OF RICE PLANT UNDER PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY

We applied a metabolite profiling technique to investigate root exudates under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Oryza sativa was grown in culture solution containing three P levels (0, 1, and 8 mg P L^?1). Shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates were obtained from 18 and 23-day-old plants and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Eighty, 90, and 65 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively. Sixty-three to eighty-four percent of the metabolites were exuded to the rhizosphere. More than 33% of the metabolites in the root exudates showed higher concentration at low P than at high P. On the other hand, only 14% of the metabolites in the root extracts showed lower concentration at low P than at high P. These results suggest that rice roots actively release many metabolites in response to P deficiency.     

Einfluss der pflanzlichen rhizodeposition auf die c-flüsse im boden: Influence of plant rhizodeposition on c fluxes in soil

By means of ¹⁴C pulse labelling and sterilization of soil, a C release into soil of 14?–?18% of net CO₂ assimilation (corresponding to 23?–?26% of ¹⁴C incorporated in plant tissue) was observed during vegetation period (excluding root respiration). Microbial colonization increased this rhizodeposition. About 60?–?80% of the primary root-borne compounds were very quickly respirated by microorganisms (secondary respiration of exudates). Fourteen to 38% (corresponding to 130?–?400?kg C?ha^?1 a^?1) of the remaining rhizodeposites were located in a zone close to root surface (up to 5?mm). Their solubility in water decreased with increasing distance to the root. The fraction of water-soluble root exudates included primarily carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose, ribose), amino acids/amides (glutamine, serine, aspartic acid) as well as organic acids (citric, succinic and tartaric acids). The water-insoluble portion of rhizodeposites were strongly absorbed by soil clay-fraction and substantially increased stability of SOM and soil aggregates.     

镉胁迫下紫茉莉生物碱的化感效应

为探究镉（Cd）胁迫下外来入侵植物紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）中生物碱对本地种的化感效应,采用室内水培和土培实验,运用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）技术测定Cd胁迫下紫茉莉根系分泌的生物碱含量,并研究水培紫茉莉根系分泌物、外源添加生物碱和土培紫茉莉根际土壤对2个本地种（萝卜和莴苣）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：水培条件下,1~3 mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下紫茉莉根系分泌物中葫芦巴碱、小檗碱和巴马汀含量显著增加; 3 mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下紫茉莉根系分泌物对萝卜和莴苣的抑制作用最强,其中萝卜种子萌发率和幼苗根长抑制率分别为25.17%和44.23%,莴苣为10.00%和40.44%,萝卜受到的抑制强于莴苣。外源添加生物碱对萝卜和莴苣幼苗生长的化感效应不同,小檗碱最低抑制浓度分别为0.1mg·L^-1和0.05 mg·L^-1,化感效应最强;巴马汀和药根碱均为0.25 mg·L^-1,化感效应次之;葫芦巴碱为100 mg·L^-1和50 mg·L^-1,化感效应最弱。Cd胁迫下种植紫茉莉的土壤在有菌和无菌时的化感效应也不同,除25 mg·kg^-1 Cd胁迫外,有菌土壤对萝卜和莴苣种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生不同程度的促进作用,且对莴苣的促进作用强于萝卜;而无菌土壤则产生抑制作用,5 mg·kg^-1 Cd胁迫对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的最大抑制率分别为41.23%和48.54%,莴苣则为21.07%和15.25%。研究表明,在Cd胁迫下,紫茉莉水培和土培方式对本地种产生的化感效应不同,土培和有菌条件减缓了生物碱的化感效应,且当利用紫茉莉与本地种进行Cd污染农田土壤的间作修复时,莴苣所受的化感抑制较小,是较为合适的间作种类。     

花生根系分泌物的鉴定和化感作用研究

【目的】分离鉴定不同花生品种根系分泌物,探讨花生Arachis hypogaea根系分泌物对花生的化感作用.【方法】采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术和生物测定方法,分析鉴定2个花生品种桂花22和A.correntina的水培根系分泌物的主要成分及化感作用.【结果和结论】分离鉴定出的花生根分泌物包括有机酸类、醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、苯类、烃类等,主要有机化合物有邻苯二甲酸、苯甲醛、草酸、对乙基苯甲酸、丙酰胺、丙氨酸、戊酸等.花生根分泌物中的苯甲醛、对乙基苯甲酸对花生具有化感作用.与对照比,苯甲醛、对乙基苯甲酸和阿魏酸的低浓度处理(1×10-5mol·L~(-1))对2个花生品种的株高、根长、地上部干质量和地下部干质量有促进作用或弱抑制作用,而苯甲醛、对乙基苯甲酸和阿魏酸高浓度处理(1×10~(-3)和1×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1))都存在不同程度的抑制作用,且与对照差异显著(P0.05).与对照相比,1×10~(-5)、1×10~(-4)、和1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)浓度处理的苯甲醛、对乙基苯甲酸和阿魏酸不同程度地增加了2个花生品种的叶片SOD酶活性、POD酶活性和MDA含量,且高浓度处理(1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1))的叶片SOD酶活性、POD酶活性和MDA含量与对照相比差异达显著水平(P0.05).     

Fenugreek root exudates show species-specific stimulation of Orobanche seed germination

Various Orobanche species are weedy and cause severe reduction in the yields of many important crops. The seeds of these parasitic weeds may remain dormant in the soil for many years until germination is stimulated by the release of a chemical signal from a host plant. In order to determine the effects of fenugreek root exudate on the induction of Orobanche crenata, Orobanche ramosa and Orobanche foetida seed germination, root exudate was collected from hydroponically grown fenugreek seedlings. Fractionation patterns obtained from column and thin layer chromatography of the fenugreek root exudate showed a set of metabolites differing in their polarity with stimulatory activity on Orobanche seed germination. The crude root exudate stimulated both O. ramosa and O. crenata seed germination to the same level caused by the synthetic germination stimulant GR24 at 10 mg L^?1. It also stimulated O. foetida seed germination which did not respond to GR24. Active fractions of root exudate stimulated the germination of Orobanche species differentially.