A selective, sensitive, and rapid in-field assay for soil catechin, an allelochemical of Centaurea maculosa

Centaurea maculosa is a plant species native to Eurasia and invasive in many regions of North America that secretes a phytotoxin from its roots, (+/−)-catechin, which is thought to serve an allelopathic role by reducing fitness of neighboring species. However, catechin is a relatively unstable compound, is often found at relatively low concentrations, interacts with soil cations to form insoluble complexes and/or degradation products, and exhibits extremely variable accumulation patterns in the soil. These factors, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the regulation of catechin production by C. maculosa, confound our understanding of the importance of catechin as an allelochemical. The time and cost of current sampling procedures effectively limit the observations made on catechin accumulation patterns, without which it is extremely difficult to conclusively attribute allelopathic significance to this compound. Thus, a highly sensitive, fast, inexpensive and reliable method for soil catechin analysis is needed. We report a novel method that utilizes the colorimetric reagent dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) in an acidic ethanol solution for detection of soil catechin. This method is selective and extremely sensitive and can be used in the field for qualitative, but not quantitative, analysis. This assay will allow for a greater understanding of the role of catechin as an allelochemical.     

磷胁迫下大豆根分泌有机酸的动态变化

通过水培试验采用直接收集法和高效液相色谱技术测定了大豆根分泌物中有机酸的组成和含量,探讨了不同磷处理条件下大豆根分泌物中有机酸的动态变化,分析了不同磷处理对大豆根系生长和根分泌有机酸的影响。结果表明,大豆缺磷时,根冠比和根长密度增加,根直径变小,根分泌物中有机酸特别是苹果酸、柠檬酸和反丁烯二酸的数量增加,缺磷处理苹果酸和顺丁烯二酸的释放高峰先于供磷处理,不同生育时期有机酸分泌量存在明显差异。     

磷亏缺下不同植物根系有机酸的分泌

通过液培试验,采用直接收集法和气相色谱技术测定了适应性较强的6种植物根分泌物中低分子量有机酸的种类和数量。结果表明：在磷亏缺下6种植物根系有机酸分泌的总量与正常供磷下相比都呈不同倍数的增长。不同植物种根系分泌的有机酸种类与数量（某有机酸占有机酸总量的百分率）以及增长的倍数有所差异。其中肥田萝卜：酒石酸（73％）和苹果酸（20％）,总量增长43倍;印度豇豆：酒名酸（99％）增长4倍;养麦：酒石酸（84％）总量和草酸（16％）总量增长8倍;玉米（农大60）：酒石酸（94％）增长4倍;白羽扇豆;柠檬酸（65％）增长11倍。油菜：苹果酸（80％）和柠檬酸（17％）增长38倍。     

Impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil

The impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated using laboratory batch assays. Experiments were conducted with two types of soil with different organic contents. The LMWOAs used were citric and oxalic acid. A mild solvent extraction procedure and a sorption-desorption experiment were used to predict the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene. Results showed that the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene in both soil types increased with increased citric or oxalic acid concentration. Citric acid addition promoted phenanthrene and pyrene extraction to a greater degree than oxalic acid. Compared with freshly spiked soils, the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene with the addition of LMWOAs decreased significantly after 60 days of cultivation. Soils with higher values of soil organic carbon content (f_oc) showed decreased phenanthrene and pyrene availability after the addition of LMWOAs. The sorption and desorption results also demonstrated the enhanced availability of PAHs with LMWOA addition. Phenanthrene sorption could be described using a linear model, regardless of the addition of LMWOAs. The simulated distribution constants (K_d) for phenanthrene sorption decreased significantly with the addition of LMWOAs. In contrast, phenanthrene desorption clearly increased with the addition of LMWOAs. These results suggest that the availabilities of phenanthrene and pyrene can be increased with the addition of suitable LMWOAs.     

Metabolite profiling of shoot extract,root extract,and root exudate of rice under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Root exudate is derived from plant metabolites and its composition is affected by plant nutrient status. A deficiency of mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), strongly affects the type and amount of plant metabolites. We applied a metabolite profiling technique to investigate root exudates of rice plants under N and P deficiency. Oryza sativa was grown in culture solution containing two N levels (0 and 60 mg N L^?1) or two P levels (0 and 8 mg P L^?1). Shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates were obtained from the rice plants 5 and 15 days after transplanting and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Shoot N concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?N level were lower than those of plants grown at +N level. Shoot P concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?P level were lower than those of plants grown at +P level. One hundred and thirty-two, 127, and 98 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two N levels. One hundred and thirty-two, 128, and 99 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two P levels. Seventy-seven percent of the metabolites were exuded to the rhizosphere. The concentrations of betaine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutarate in root exudates were higher at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentration of spermidine in root exudates was lower at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentrations of the other metabolites in root exudates were affected differently by plant N or P status. These results suggest that rice roots actively release many metabolites in response to N and P deficiency.     

植物与根际微生物相互作用关系研究进展

根际作为连接植物根系与土壤的活跃界面,微生物种类众多,是直接接触根系并影响其生理活动的区域。为了更好地了解并应用根际微生物,结合近年来国内外植物与根际微生物关系的研究现状,综述了植物与根际微生物的相互作用关系,即植物种类和根系分泌物对根际微生物的影响,根际有益微生物和有害微生物对植物生长的影响,探讨了种植与耕作方式及施肥管理等农业技术措施对植物根系与根际微生物系统的影响,展望了今后的研究方向。     

不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验和盆栽试验,研究了3个不同品种小麦［云麦42（YM42）,云麦47（YM47）和绵阳29（MY29）］与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、 根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,云麦42与蚕豆间作处理（YM42//B）和云麦47与蚕豆间作处理（YM47//B）使蚕豆枯萎病病情指数分别降低47.6%和33.3%,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作处理（MY29//B）对蚕豆枯萎病病情指数无显著影响。与蚕豆单作相比,YM42//B和YM47//B处理显著增加了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量,显著降低了根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量; 显著提高了蚕豆根际微生物对碳源的利用强度,明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,并且YM42//B处理的影响大于YM47//B; 而MY29//B处理对碳源利用强度、 根际微生物群落结构和根系分泌物中有机酸、 可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量均无显著影响。 YM42//B处理根际微生物利用碳源的种类比YM47//B处理多,同时YM42//B和YM47//B处理利用的糖类、 氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源种类完全不同。表明云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作通过增加有机酸含量,从而提高根际微生物活性和多样性,促进了根际微生物利用更多的碳源,同时云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作抑制了氨基酸和总糖的分泌,而最终控制了蚕豆枯萎病的发生。表明不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作系统根系分泌物-根际微生物的互作是影响蚕豆枯萎病抗性的重要原因。小麦与蚕豆间作控病效果受小麦品种的影响,以云麦42与蚕豆间作效果最好,其次为云麦47与蚕豆间作,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作无显著控病效果。     

细绿萍对铅,汞的耐性及其机制初探

本文研究了细绿萍(Azolla filiculoides Lamk)对水体中铅、汞重金属的净化能力及净化特征,并在此基础上对细绿萍的重金属耐性机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,细绿萍对水体中的铅、汞有较强的净化作用,其净化效果不仅与重金属种类有关,也与重金属浓度、细绿萍的不同部位、细绿萍的放养时间和放养量等有关。在本实验条件下,细绿萍对铅的吸收净化能力大于汞,其临界浓度分别为P b 15 ppm,Hg 10 ppm;对于水环境中的重金属,细绿萍除了主要将其在体内固定转化外,细绿萍还可通过死根脱落和分泌物的束缚等方式对重金属进行体外束缚。     

不同砧木对藤稔葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

以少毛变叶191、耐碱性Ln33、巨峰为砧木,藤稔为接穗,研究了砧木对藤稔葡萄生长及果实品质的影响.结果表明:以少毛变叶191为砧木的伤流液数量、叶绿素含量和果实生长量均显著高于藤稔自根苗,以Ln33为砧木的穗质量、粒质量、可溶性总糖含量和总有机酸含量均高于自根苗和其它砧-穗组合;以巨峰为砧木的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性均低于藤稔自根苗,且不能正常生长和结果.嫁接对超氧化物歧化酶活性影响均不显著.据此认为,西北地区藤稔嫁接树适用砧木品种首选少毛变叶191,巨峰砧不宜在藤稔上应用.     

Effects of Boron Stress on copper enzyme activity in tomato

Moderate B deficiency in plants has been reported to enhance Cu deficiency by keeping these plants in the vegetative growth stage. In this study, ascorbate oxidase activity was used as an index of the effect of B stress on Cu activity. When T3238FER (B‐inefficient) and Rutgers (B‐efficient) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in nutrient solutions at various B levels, B‐stressed plants had higher ascorbic acid oxidase activity than B‐sufficient plants. This activity was significantly higher in T3238FER than in Rutgers. Ascorbic acid oxidase activity may be directly or indirectly related to the role of B in plant growth and may be responsible for the more efficient use of B by Rutgers than by T3238FER tomato.