Detection of antigenic proteins expressed by lymphocystis virus as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Although the major capsid proteins (MCPs) of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) have been characterized, little is known about the host-derived immune response to MCPs and other LCDV antigenic proteins. To identify antigenic proteins of LCDV that could be used as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we analysed the viral proteins responsible for its virulence by applying immuno-proteomics. LCDV proteins were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and probed with homogeneous P. olivaceus antisera elicited by LCDV natural infection and vaccination with formalin-killed LCDV. Four immune-reactive proteins were obtained at 68-, 51-, 41- and 21 kDa using antisera collected from natural infection while two proteins at 51- and 21 kDa exhibited response to antisera from vaccinated fish, indicating that the latter two proteins have vaccine potential. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray MS/MS, the 51 and 21 kDa proteins were identified as MCP and an unknown protein, respectively.     

Hyper-spectral estimation of wheat biomass after alleviating of soil effects on spectra by non-negative matrix factorization

Hyper-spectral technology has been proven to be an effective method for the fast and non-destructive monitoring of crop biomass. However, the biomass estimation accuracy of this method is limited due to the effects of background factors, such as soils and water. In this study, a spectral separation method, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), was proposed to alleviate the effects of soil on spectra. With the application of the NMF method, pure vegetation spectra were extracted from the field-observed spectra of wheat canopy, which were collected in four growing seasons from the tillering to the booting stages of wheat. Then, prediction models of wheat biomass (WB) were established and validated using the extracted spectra with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The results showed that the NMF method could effectively separate the vegetation spectra from the mixed canopy spectra. Based on the extracted vegetation spectra, the WB prediction accuracy could be greatly improved with an increase of 31.7% for the R²_p and an increase of 46.6% for the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) as compared to the original spectra, indicating that the NMF method could significantly improve the performance of the WB prediction model. This method has potential application in the estimation of biomass using remote sensing technology.     

Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非瞬时或突变的马尔可夫链的一种应用方法

介绍对于一种非瞬时或突变的状态转移过程.采用Bayes方法修订马尔可夫过程的状态转移概率矩阵;将先验概率分布修订为后验概率分布;对整个过程的信息加以吸收,得出能够反映整个过程的状态转移概率矩阵,从而达到预测目的.由此还得出一个重要结论:吸收信息的无序性.     

关于特征向量正交化问题的讨论

对矩阵在正交变换下化矩阵为对角形的条件进行了讨论,指出了文献中的不妥之处。     

子空间上对称矩阵反问题

设 R(S)为一给定 n× n阶实矩阵 S的列空间 ,给出了矩阵方程反问题 AX =B在 R(S)上的对称阵类中有解的充分必要条件及通解的表达式 ,讨论了解对于已知矩阵的最佳逼近问题 ,给出了数值算法步骤     

基于信用评级的商业银行贷款风险定价模型

建立了一个基于信用评级体系的风险定价模型.通过模型证明一笔贷款的价格不仅与借款人的预期违约率和贷款回收率有关,而且与借款人在贷款期间信用等级的变化有关.贷款的价格(利率)与借款人信用恶化的程度和发生的概率正相关.利用实际数据求出了各信用等级借款人的利率、风险价值和经济资本等参数.     

A STRUCTURAL NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC STABILITY AND A MATRIX FUNCTION METNOD

This paper presents a mathematical and mechanic model for non-linear dynamicstability analysis of structures on the basis of Liapunov's stability criteria. Due to the complexityand difficulty in numerical calculation,a matrix function to this type of stability problems is selectedand the programing formulations are derived.Applying the method to beam or frame structures un-der the axial period loadings,the geometric non-linear dynamic stability results are obtained.Fromthe results,the basic characteristics of this type of probtems,especially the non-linear effect areshown.The model and matrix function method are valtiable both in theory and in practice for struc-tural non-linear dynamic stability.     

AN IMPROVED TRANSFER SUBSTRUCTURE METHOD

The transfer substructure method is extended to application in substructures with different linking ways,thus the field of application of this method is expanded. Its relaibility and efficacy are proved by some examples.     

EFFECT OF SEMI-RIGID CONNECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FRAME

Modeling of girder in steel frame with semi-rigid conn-ections as partially restrained beam element is proposed for elastic-plasticanalysis of steel frames with semi-rigid connections.The results whichare obtained from analyses of elasticity,plasticity and stability for steelframes with semi-rigid connections have significant effects on structuralbehavior.It is necessary to consider the influences of semi-rigid conn-ections on the analysis and design for steel frames.