A review of extracellular virulence product of Vibrio species important in diseases of cultivated shrimp

Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry that experiences significant losses from Vibrio species, especially at the larval and juvenile stages. Proteinaceous virulence factors, including alkaline proteases, metalloproteases, cysteine proteases and alkaline serine proteases, have been identified as important elements in Vibrio pathogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the principal pathogenic Vibrio species in shrimp, with emphasis on relevant exotoxins and their modes of action, principal characteristics and molecular database. This pathogenic factors and their relation with other molecules produced by microorganisms may be help to understand the virulence mechanisms present in Vibrio strain.     

Dramatic Changes of Matrix Metalloproteinases-7 and Lysozyme in the Ulcerative Colitis of Mice Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a lifelong illness with profound emotional and social impacts, and could cause serious damage to large intestine, especially in colon. However, the pathogenesis of UC remained unclear. The present study attempts to find out the role of matrix metalloproteinases-7 （MMP-7） and lysozyme in the pathogenesis of UC through a mice model induced by dextran sulfate sodium （DSS）. The UC model was evaluated both by disease activity index （DAI） and the intestinal histopathology. The results show that there is a high correlation between the DAI score and the pathological changes of colon. Interleukin-6 （IL-6） serum levels and large intestinal fluids levels in UC mice are always higher than that of the control groups, which might be associated with the degree of the inflammation damage in the colon. The change tendency of the MMP-7 mRNA and protein expressions are both up-regulated firstly and then down-regulated from 1 to 5 d in the colon, but only the MMP-7 protein is up-regulated at 7 d again. The up-regulated MMP-7 levels in the early stage of UC may play a protective role through the activated defensins, while the down-regulated levels in the mid-later stage of UC may be connected with the severe lesions in the colon. However, the up-regulated MMP-7 levels in the later stage of UC in the colon may also contribute to the tissue repair or be served as a marker to CRC （colorectal cancer）. The distribution of lysozyme protein indicates that there may be Paneth-like cells in the colon. Both the changes of MMP-7 and lysozyme in the small intestine may play a protective role for the safe environment of the whole gut, especially to the colon of UC.     

鳜嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株胞外产物提取、纯化及生物学活性分析

以鳜分离的嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株为代表,采用玻璃纸覆盖技术提取了8株嗜水气单胞菌和1株温和气单胞菌的胞外产物,SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,8株嗜水气单胞菌的胞外产物均有35kDa的共同蛋白带。酶活性和溶血性分析表明,GYK1株胞外产物具有酪蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、明胶酶活性,但不具备脲酶活性;溶血性较强,蛋白浓度为365μg·mL-1的胞外产物对鳜血细胞的溶血价为213,对加州鲈、银鲫、小白鼠、兔、绵羊、人O型血的红细胞的溶血价在211~214之间。应用聚丙烯酰胺葡聚糖凝胶柱层析,对GYK1株的胞外产物进行了初步纯化,得到分子量为35kDa的蛋白带,该纯化产物具溶血性,但溶血性比粗胞外产物降低,对鳜和小鼠血细胞的溶血价均为25。     

水稻基质育秧不同播种量对秧苗素质和产量的影响

为探索有机基质料培育标准化壮秧技术,以武运粳23号和＂科杰＂牌基质为材料,采用田间试验方法,研究了5种不同播种量水平对水稻秧苗地上部与地下部性状、大田茎蘖动态及产量的影响。结果表明,随着播种量增加,秧苗地上部和地下部性状差异较大,在播种量为120-210 g/盘范围内,叶绿素含量、盘结力和根系活力则随着播种量增加而增加,在播种量为150-180 g/盘时基质料育出的秧苗更有利于培育健壮的机插秧苗,具体表现为增穗、增粒作用,可以在大面积范围内推广应用。     

Inhibitory Effect of Dihydroaustrasulfone Alcohol on the Migration of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells and the Antitumor Effect on a Lewis Lung Carcinoma-Bearing Tumor Model in C57BL/6J Mice

There are many major causes of cancer death, including metastasis of cancer. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol, which is isolated from marine coral, has shown antioxidant activity, but has not been reported to have an anti-cancer effect. We first discovered that dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol provided a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the migration and motility of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells by trans-well and wound healing assays. The results of a zymography assay and Western blot showed that dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol suppressed the activities and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Further investigation revealed that dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2. Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol also suppressed the expression of PI3K and the phosphorylation of Akt. Furthermore, dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol markedly inhibited tumor growth in Lewis lung cancer (LLC)-bearing mice. We concluded that dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol is a new pure compound with anti-migration and anti-tumor growth activity in lung cancer and might be applied to clinical treatment in the future.     

添加秸秆对水稻产量和土壤碳氮及微生物群落的影响

为探究添加秸秆对黄筋泥田水稻产量和土壤碳、氮含量和微生物学特性的影响,设计了5个处理,即不添加秸秆和生物炭（CK）、添加秸秆（ST）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂1号（SB1）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂2号（SB2）和添加秸秆生物炭（SC）的水稻盆栽试验,分析水稻产量和土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量和磷脂脂肪酸含量。结果表明：与CK相比,ST、SB1、SB2和SC均能提高水稻产量（P<0.05）,其中SB2增产55.73%;ST、SB1、SB2和SC也提高土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量、细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量（P<0.05）,其中SC土壤全碳提高31.36%,SB2土壤全氮提高40%,SB1腐殖质含量增加50.01%,而SB1和SB2的细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量增加86.49%～401.59%。因此,添加秸秆可以增加水稻产量,提高土壤全碳、全氮和腐殖质的含量,改善土壤微生物群落结构。     

黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面不同类型生物土壤结皮养分与微生物养分限制特征

生物土壤结皮的发育类型对土壤养分和微生物代谢起着重要作用。为进一步明确在生物结皮发育过程中微生物的限制性养分与影响因素,研究选择黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面上的裸土(CK)、浅色藻结皮(LA)、深色藻结皮(DA)、藻藓混合结皮(AM)和藓结皮(M)为研究对象,分析了不同生物土壤结皮类型下碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况与胞外酶活性,并通过胞外酶化学计量来量化微生物的代谢限制。结果表明:LA,DA,AM和M这4种类型生物土壤结皮C,N,P养分含量和微生物生物量C,N,P均显著高于CK(p<0.05),并且SOC,TN,TP和微生物生物量C,N,P随CK,LA,DA,AM和M的顺序逐渐增大,藓结皮微生物量C,N,P分别是CK处理的18.3,27.6,14.1倍。生物土壤结皮的发育显著提高了C,N,P循环酶的活性,冗余分析结果表明土壤养分与酶活性密切相关。此外,通过酶计量的矢量模型结果来看,生物土壤结皮的发育造成微生物相对碳限制的增大与相对磷限制的减小,并受到速效养分含量的影响。偏最小二乘路径模型结果也表明生物土壤结皮的类型会间接影响微生物的代谢限制。总的来说,生物土壤结皮类型的变化会改善土壤养分状况与微生物量等性质,养分资源的供应状况会造成微生物养分代谢的变化。     

苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的胞外酶活性与微生物CUE特征

为进一步明确苔藓结皮对下层土壤养分的影响及微生物对养分的利用特征,以黄土丘陵区典型退耕地上发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤(0—2 cm,2—5 cm,10—20 cm)为研究对象,分析在剖面尺度下土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况、胞外酶活性以及微生物CUE特征。结果表明:苔藓结皮显著提高了表层土壤养分含量,结皮层的SOC,TN,TP,DOC,DON和Olsen-P含量分别是10—20 cm土壤养分的2.58,2.34,1.13,2.30,4.30,7.36倍。与养分含量特征一致,微生物生物量随土层深度的增加逐渐降低。在整个剖面尺度上,微生物群落存在较为稳定的元素内稳态以保持自身C,N,P的计量平衡。参与C,N,P循环的相关胞外酶活性在剖面尺度上表现出差异,β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)随深度增加逐渐降低,而β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,底层土壤较高的NAG和AP酶活性反映出N,P养分的匮乏。微生物CUE在剖面尺度上表现为先降低后增加的趋势,平均水平为0.25,表明表层与深层土壤更有助于C的固存。此外,方差分解(VPA)和线性模型结果均指出养分状况和土壤酶是影响微生物CUE的关键因素。总的来说,苔藓结皮对表层土壤的养分和微生物代谢产生积极作用,尽管底层土壤养分匮乏,但仍保持较高的微生物C利用效率。