Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat to Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.     

冬小麦低温处理叶片细胞膜透性的QTL定位

为探索冬小麦抗寒性的分子机制,以168个花培3号×豫麦57的双单倍体株系为作图群体,利用已构建含有324个SSR标记的遗传图谱,对电导法测定低温(−18℃)处理后的叶片膜透性进行QTL定位。利用完全区间作图法,在3种环境下共检测到21个与叶片膜透性相关的加性QTLs,分布于1B、2A、3A、3B、5B、6A、6B、6D、7B和7D染色体上,其中4个位点(qCMP-1B-1、qCMP-3B-2、qCMP-5B-1和qCMP-5B-4)遗传贡献率大于10%,属主效基因,其余QTL的遗传贡献率较小,属微效基因。3种环境条件下在5B染色体的Xgwm213–Xswes861.2区间检测到共同位点,与Xswes861.2的遗传距离为0 cM,其中qCMP-5B-1 (环境1)和qCMP-5B-4 (环境3)的贡献率高达17.5%和14.0%。研究结果对于小麦抗寒标记选择和抗寒育种具有应用价值。     

复方中药制剂“球宁”对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫雏鸡红细胞免疫功能的影响

用青蒿、常山等组成复方中药制剂“球宁”,并对其进行超微粉碎加工成微粉制剂。按不同比例添加与饲料中,饲喂人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的雏鸡,以磺胺喹啉钠为对照,在感染后8d剖杀,检测血浆中红细胞C3b受体(RBC-CR1)花环率和免疫复合物(RBC-IC)花环率,以观察“球宁”及其微粉制剂对人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的雏鸡的红细胞免疫功能的影响。结果,粗粉组(2%)、微粉组(2%)、微粉组(1%)三组的红细胞C3b受体花环形成率比阳性对照组有明显提高(p<0.05);红细胞免疫复合物(RBC-IC)花环形成率比阳性对照组有所降低(p<0.01)。说明所试药物能改善红细胞的免疫粘附功能,显著降低血浆中免疫复合物的含量,降低球虫病对机体的损伤。     

玉米醇溶蛋白在草莓贮藏保鲜中的应用

用玉米醇溶蛋白涂被剂保鲜草莓,不仅可延长草莓的贮藏期,还可减少草莓在贮藏期间的营养成分损耗.采用正交实验方法筛选最佳涂被剂配方的结果表明,玉米醇溶蛋白1.75%,甘油0.18%,蔗糖0.3%,并辅以0.02%乳化剂与防腐剂保鲜草莓效果最佳.     

可食性液态膜复合保鲜剂对番茄保鲜效果的研究

以番茄为试材,通过壳聚糖、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠配制成不同浓度的复合保鲜液浸泡涂膜处理,研究其对番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜液涂膜可有效地降低番茄果实的失重率、腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,维持番茄VC含量,保持番茄果实较好的感官品质,且以0.5%壳聚糖+0.8%可溶性淀粉+0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠复配的复合保鲜液涂膜对番茄有较好的保鲜效果,15℃环境下其货架期延长到15 d以上。     

再生丝素膜的生物安全性评估试验

以再生丝素蛋白为原料,采用旋转干燥法,通过控制温度和湿度及乙醇改性,最终得到不溶于水的丝素膜。为了评价再生丝素膜的生物安全性,进行体外细胞毒性、全身过敏反应、迟发型超敏反应、急性毒性反应、热原反应以及溶血性试验。结果：用丝素膜浸提液对体外培养的成纤维细胞进行处理后,细胞平均相对增殖率为92.3%,属于细胞毒性I级。小鼠经由100%丝素膜浸提液多次致敏后再次激发,未产生全身性过敏反应;供试小鼠静脉大剂量注射100%丝素膜浸提液后全部存活,无急性全身毒性反应,7d观察期内小鼠的体质量逐步增长;用100%丝素膜浸提液对家兔进行静脉注射后,兔的单只体温升高幅度为0.2～0.5 ℃,未超0.6 ℃上限,总和也未超1.4 ℃上限;选取不同剂量（100%、50%、25%、10%）丝素膜浸提液对家兔进行溶血试验,溶血率为4.02%、2.57%、1.56%、1.01%,均小于5%。综上所述,本研究制备的再生丝素膜状材料,具有良好的生物安全性。     

Phomopsis longanae Chi-induced pericarp browning and disease development of harvested longan fruit in association with energy status

The effects of Phomopsis longanae Chi infection on browning development and disease incidence in relation to energy status in pericarp of harvested longan fruit were investigated. Longan fruit were inoculated for 5 min with P. longanae at 10⁴ spores mL⁻¹, while fruit dipped in sterile deionized water were used as control. These fruits were stored at (28 ± 1) °C and 90% relative humidity for up to five days. The results showed that the browning index, disease incidence, cellular membrane permeability and AMP content increased but the contents of ATP and ADP, and energy charge decreased in pericarp of longan fruit infected by P. longanae. It was suggested that P. longanae infection caused energy deficiency in longan fruit, possibly resulting in accelerated senescence and decreased resistance to pathogen, and thus promoted browning development and disease occurrence.     

基于液-液萃取机理的新型环境样品前处理方法研究进展

新型环境样品前处理技术已经逐步取代传统液-液萃取。液相微萃取、液膜萃取和逆流色谱技术均是集采样、萃取和浓缩于一体的环境友好型环境样品前处理技术。液相微萃取、液膜萃取实质上是微型化的液-液萃取;逆流色谱结合了液液萃取和分配色谱的优点,是一种新型色谱分离技术。3种技术均对环境样品中的痕量/超痕量污染物质有高效的富集、净化效果。笔者综述了液相微萃取、液膜萃取和逆流色谱技术的优缺点及在环境样品前处理中的应用。     

Determination of Moisture Deficit and Heat Stress Tolerance in Corn Using Physiological Measurements and a Low‐Cost Microcontroller‐Based Monitoring System

In the southern United States, corn production encounters moisture deficit coupled with high‐temperature stress, particularly during the reproductive stage of the plant. In evaluating plants for environmental stress tolerance, it is important to monitor changes in their physical environment under natural conditions, especially when there are multiple stress factors, and integrate this information with their physiological responses. A low‐cost microcontroller‐based monitoring system was developed to automate measurement of canopy, soil and air temperatures, and soil moisture status in field plots. The purpose of this study was to examine how this system, in combination with physiological measurements, could assist in detecting differences among corn genotypes in response to moisture deficit and heat stress. Three commercial hybrids and two inbred germplasm lines were grown in the field under irrigated and non‐irrigated conditions. Leaf water potential, photosynthetic pigments, cell membrane thermostability (CMT) and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were determined on these genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Variations observed in air and soil temperatures, and soil moisture in plots of the individual corn genotypes helped explain their differences in canopy temperature (CT), and these variations were reflected in the physiological responses. One of the commercial hybrids, having the lowest CT and the highest CMT, was the most tolerant among the genotypes under moisture deficit and heat stress conditions. These results demonstrated that the low‐cost microcontroller‐based monitoring system, in combination with physiological measurements, was effective in evaluating corn genotypes for drought and heat stress tolerance.     

Changes induced by osmotic stress in the morphology,biochemistry, physiology,anatomy and stomatal parameters of almond species （Prunus L. spp.） grown in vitro

We investigated the influence of different levels of osmotic stress on growth and development in selected wild almond species(eight Prunus spp.) grown in vitro. The study, while endorsing the efficacy of in vitro screening of auxiliary buds of wild almond for osmotic stress tolerance, showed species variability in its response to osmotic stress. Osmotic stress reduced growth and development of all the species. However, the putative tolerant Prunus spp. showed better performance than the putative susceptible genotypes. On average there was an 80% decrease in shoot dry weight at-1.2 MPa. Reduction in shoot weight was more common in osmotic stress-susceptible species in the section labeled ‘Euamygdalus'. The tolerant Prunus species produced smaller changes in biochemical responses than the sensitive cultivars for malondialdehyde content, catalase activity, relative permeability of protoplast membranes, and net photosynthetic rate. The tolerant species maintained cell integrity better than drought sensitive species. Wild almond species in the section labeled ‘Spartioides'(Prunus arabica(Olivier) Neikle, Prunus glauca (Browicz) A.E. Murray, Prunus scoparia Spach) and ‘Lycioides'(Prunus lycioides Spach, Prunus reuteri Bossi. et Bushe) were best adapted to osmotic stress. Increase in chlorophyll concentration and leaf thickness under high osmotic stress can be considered as preliminary selection parameters for osmotic stress tolerance in Prunus spp. The study confirmed the efficacy of the in vitro method for screening of large number of genotypes for osmotic stress tolerance in wild almond species.