Salmon gill poxvirus disease in Atlantic salmon fry as recognized by improved immunohistochemistry also demonstrates infected cells in non‐respiratory epithelial cells

Gill diseases cause serious losses in farming of Atlantic salmon and the number of agents involved increases. Salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and the gill disease in causes where SGPV apparently was the only disease‐causing agent were initially characterized. Recently, it was further shown that SGPV can be a common denominator in widely different multifactorial gill diseases. Here, we present the challenge of diagnosing gill disease with SGPV in salmon fry of 0,3–5 grams. Apoptosis of gill lamellar epithelial cells and hemophagocytosis was also observed in fry similar to findings in smolts and grow‐out fish. Using our newly developed immunohistochemistry method, we further demonstrate that some of the apoptotic epithelial cells covering the oral cavity were positive for SGPV. Thus, SGPV is not restricted to respiratory epithelium alone and may infect the fish at very early life stages. Furthermore, as the cases examined here are from Norway, Faroe Island and Scotland, we show that SGPV is more widespread than previously reported.     

瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展

瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官,对饲粮营养消化利用具有重要作用。近50年来,人们对瘤胃上皮细胞发育和物质转运做了大量研究,重点聚焦于瘤胃上皮细胞增殖分子机制及相关转运蛋白调控通路的探索,如胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和表皮生长因子(EGF)参与调控葡萄糖的转运,钠氢交换蛋白(NHE)、单羧酸转运载体(MCTs)和G蛋白偶联受体(GPR)参与瘤胃上皮细胞短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的转运等。尽管如此,我们对于瘤胃发育的内在机制了解非常有限,本文针对反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展进行了综述,对于进一步理解瘤胃上皮细胞发育过程及建立最佳的反刍动物营养供给策略具有重要意义。     

海蛰的生殖与受精——1.排卵方式的探讨

作者对海蛰卵巢进行了解剖、组织切片与扫描电镜观察,发现卵巢为褶叠型,一端与胶质膜相连,另一端游离。胶质膜由透明状胶质细胞所构成,外有一层纤毛细胞,靠近胶质膜一侧的卵巢为单层上皮组成的生殖上皮,胶质膜与卵巢生殖上皮间由胶质细丝连接,形成与胃腔相通的生殖腔隙。生殖上皮在生殖季节中变化很大,它首先完成发生卵原细胞的功能,随后局部解体出现透明小区,当卵巢成熟时生殖上皮细胞是区域性弥散,卵子裸露,出现分批排卵现象.海蛰排卵方式是以大量卵子成片分批区域性排放为主,但也存在单个卵子排出的现象。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的变化

本试验旨在研究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)对瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的影响。选用体况良好、体重相近的泌乳期萨能奶山羊9只,随机分为3组(对照组、SARA组、恢复组,n=3),对照组饲喂基础饲粮[非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)=1.40],SARA组和恢复组先后饲喂NFC/NDF为1.40、1.79、2.31、3.23的4种试验饲粮诱导SARA发生,每种饲喂15 d,恢复组奶山羊待SARA诱导成功后自由采食青干草30 d。对照组奶山羊分别在饲养30、60(与SARA组3只同时)和90 d(与恢复组3只同时)各屠宰1只。采集瘤胃腹囊部上皮组织用于石蜡切片、透射电子显微镜观察及尤斯灌流系统(Ussing chamber)研究。结果表明:1)组织切片结果显示,瘤胃上皮角质层厚度SARA组显著高于对照组和恢复组(P0.05),恢复组显著低于对照组(P0.05);颗粒层厚度对照组显著高于SARA组和恢复组(P0.05),但SARA组和恢复组之间无显著差异(P0.05);棘突层厚度3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);上皮总厚度恢复组显著低于对照组和SARA组(P0.05),但对照组与SARA组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。透射电子显微镜结果显示,SARA组瘤胃上皮紧密连接被破坏,细胞间隙增大,棘状层细胞线粒体出现降解并出现空泡。2)与对照组相比,SARA组和恢复组瘤胃上皮短路电流(Isc)、组织导电性(Gt)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)流速显著升高(P0.05),跨膜电位差(PD)显著降低(P0.05)。综合得出,SARA破坏了奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构的完整性,使瘤胃上皮通透性增加,导致瘤胃上皮屏障功能长期受损。     

肠上皮的免疫形态学观察

本文对饲喂莫能霉素的兔,无菌兔和普通兔,饲喂磷酸左咪唑及感染柔嫩爱美尔球虫的鸡,感染球虫的雏鸭以及雏鸡新城疫消化道免疫后肠道上皮间淋巴细胞的形态、功能做了研究。结果表明,肠上皮间淋巴细胞是一种免疫活性细胞,其数目与肠腔中抗原的种类和数量有关。肠上皮间淋巴细胞主要位于上皮细胞核的上方、核间及核下方,形态不一。其分布以十二指肠和盲肠扁桃体较多,空肠低于十二指肠,回肠又低于空肠,直肠最少。肠上皮间淋巴细胞的数量与粘膜固有层的淋巴细胞数量呈正相关。本文还对上皮间淋巴细胞的功能、性质及迁移进行了讨论。     

Histology,histochemistry and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The light microscopic appearance and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil (tonsilla pharyngea), collected from 12 adult buffaloes of local mixed breed, were explored for the distribution of different types of epithelia, lymphoid tissue and high endothelial venules. The tonsillar mucosa was lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium having goblet cells. The respiratory epithelium associated with the underlying lymphoid tissue formed the lymphoepithelium. The epithelium was further modified into follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) characterized by reduced epithelial height, presence of a few dome‐shaped cuboidal cells equivalent of the M‐cells and absence of goblet and ciliated cells. The lymphoid tissue was distributed in the form of isolated lymphoid cells, diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles, mainly distributed within the propria‐submucosa along with the sero‐mucous glandular tissue. The goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium and the acinar cells contained different mucopolysaccharides. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface mucosa demonstrated a dense mat of cilia, island‐like arrangement of microvillus cells, M‐cells and a few brush‐like cells. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the different cell organelles of the respiratory epithelium and the FAE. Lymphocyte migration via the high endothelial venules in the propria‐submucosa was also observed.     

Air‐liquid interface cell culture: From airway epithelium to the female reproductive tract

The air‐liquid interface (ALI) approach is primarily used to mimic respiratory tract epithelia in vitro. It is also known to support excellent differentiation of 3D multilayered skin models. To establish an ALI culture, epithelial cells are seeded into compartmentalized culture systems on porous filter supports or gel substrata. After an initial propagation period, the culture medium is removed from the apical side of the epithelium, exposing the cells to the surrounding air. Therefore, nutritive supply to the cells is warranted only by the basolateral cell pole. Under these conditions, the epithelial cells differentiate and regain full baso‐apical polarity. Some types of epithelia even generate in vivo‐like apical fluid or mucus. Interestingly, the ALI culture approach has also been shown to support morphological and functional differentiation of epithelial cells that are not normally exposed to ambient air in vivo. This review aims at giving a brief overview on the characteristics of ALI cultures in general and ALI models of female reproductive tract epithelia in particular. We discuss the applicability of ALI models for the investigation of the early embryonic microenvironment and for its implications in assisted reproductive technologies.     

不同蛋白源日粮对断奶仔猪小肠形态的影响

为了探讨不同蛋白源日粮对仔猪小肠组织形态影响的差异,试验选择24头21日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为2组,处理2组为全植物蛋白日粮,处理1处由乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白。本研究利用光镜和透射电镜技术对不同蛋白源日粮处理后的断奶仔猪(断奶0,3,8 d和14 d)肠道上皮结构进行观察。光学显微镜观察结果表明,与断奶0 d相比,乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白日粮组(处理1)和全植物蛋白日粮组(处理2)在断奶后3、7 d和14 d的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和固有膜厚度差异极显著(P<0.01)。与处理1组相比,处理2组显著减低了空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛宽度(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,断奶3 d处理1组的吸收细胞微绒毛的整齐度较好,线粒体、粗面内质网和游离核糖体很丰富,处理2组肠道微绒毛稀疏、变短,部分微绒毛丝心小根不清晰,粗面内质网及线粒体部分扩张病变。断奶14 d时,处理1组仔猪空肠上皮细胞超微结构中线粒体个数增加,微绒毛密度增加,但粗面内质网变化不大,处理2日粮组仔猪空肠上皮细胞微绒毛严重脱落,粗面内质网和核糖体数量较少,并大部分发生病变。结论:不同蛋白源日粮对早期断奶仔猪肠道形态组织结构均有显著的影响,且在断...     

瘤胃上皮机械屏障的评定方法简

瘤胃上皮不仅是瘤胃微生物附着、生长并进行消化和代谢的主要部位，也是营养物质吸收、转运、代谢的主要场所，同时也是瘤胃内环境与血液循环系统之间的一道重要生理屏障。因此，维持瘤胃上皮结构和功能的完整性对保持反刍动物健康和生产性能具有重要意义。作者对循环式尤斯灌流系统的基本构造、注意事项及反刍动物瘤胃上皮机械屏障的评定方法进行了综述，旨在为维持瘤胃上皮屏障功能提供参考。