土壤中根皮苷和根皮素对桃幼苗的影响

以一年生桃嫁接苗为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了苹果园土壤中特征酚酸类物质——根皮苷和根皮素对桃苗生物量、根系活力、根系保护性酶活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,根皮苷对桃幼苗的伤害显著,与对照相比,鲜质量、干质量分别降低了16.66%和21.58%,根系活力降低了33.04%,SOD、POD活性分别降低了40.80%和31.10%,MDA含量提高了116.34%。根皮素对桃苗的影响不大。高锰酸钾处理明显缓解了根皮苷对桃苗的伤害,苹果园土壤中的根皮苷含量降低了57.80%,提高了桃苗的生物量、根系活力和保护性酶活性,降低了MDA含量。综上,老龄苹果园土壤实测含量的根皮苷(0.343mg·kg~(-1))可降低桃苗的生物量,适量的高锰酸钾能缓解根皮苷的伤害作用。     

Migration strategies of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a subarctic river system as revealed by stable isotope analysis

We estimated the proportions of anadromous and freshwater‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) in different parts of the subarctic River Näätämöjoki/Neidenelva system (Finland and Norway) using carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen stable isotope analyses of archived scales as identifiers of migration strategy. Our results showed that carbon stable isotope values were the best predictor of migration strategy. Most individuals fell into two clearly distinct groups representing anadromous (47%) or freshwater‐resident (42%) individuals, but some fish had intermediate carbon values suggesting repeated movement between freshwater and the sea. The proportion of anadromous individuals decreased steadily with distance from the sea forming a spatial continuum in migration strategies which is probably maintained by the combination of several factors such as divergent availability of food resources, variable migration costs and genetic differences. These within‐catchment differences in migration strategies should be taken into account in fisheries management practices.     

黑蜣(Bess beetle)纤维素酶的组分及其特性分析

以30日龄的黑蜣幼虫为材料,对其整体匀浆后组织液中的纤维素酶组成及活性进行了分析。结果表明:黑蜣体内存在内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(Cx酶)、β-葡萄糖苷酶;β-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶的最适宜温度为分别为40℃和50℃;Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶分别在pH值为6.4和5.2时具有最大的活力;β-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶的最适宜反应时间为80 min。Cx酶具有比β-葡萄糖苷酶更强的温度适应性,在30～50℃温度范围内可维持最大酶活力的66.20%。     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.     

NaCl胁迫对白蜡种子生理特性的影响

为了给盐碱地造林树种选择提供依据,以采自秦皇岛和保定的白蜡种子为试材,采用不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,研究了其萌发过程中发芽率、细胞膜透性、保护酶活性、丙二醛MDA的变化,结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,两地白蜡种子发芽率均呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,秦皇岛各处理的白蜡种子发芽率分别比对照降低了8.9%、52.6%、56.3%、61.6%、87.9%、91.1%,而保定的白蜡种子分别比对照降低20.2%、56.2%、68.7%、86.5%、89.9%、100.0%;(2)随着浓度的升高,种子的相对电导值、K+、Na+渗透率升高,种子的SOD酶活性降低,MDA含量增加,NaCl胁迫浓度越高,种子所受到的伤害越深;(3)0.20%浓度的NaCl胁迫对白蜡种子萌发影响不大。对于不同种源的白蜡种子,秦皇岛的白蜡种子抗盐性要优于保定的白蜡种子。     

四种柱花草种子萌发中参与氮代谢的酶活性变化

研究了4种柱花草种子萌发过程中参与氮代谢的蛋白酶、肽酶和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,蛋白酶的活性随着柱花草种子萌发的深入而不断上升,在种子即将露白胚根突破种皮的时候蛋白酶活性达到最大值。此后,随着胚芽的生长蛋白酶活性逐渐降低,其中热研2号柱花草的蛋白酶活性高于其他3种;肽酶活性的变化总体呈上升趋势;硝酸还原酶呈S型变化。了解柱花草种子萌发期各种酶活性的变化规律,为深入研究柱花草种子萌发时贮藏物质的动员和代谢机理提供数据。     

Soil organic carbon stock variability in the Northern Gangetic Plains of India: interaction between agro‐ecological characteristics and cropping systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial distribution in the Northern Gangetic Plain (NGP) Zone of India were determined to establish the cause–effect relationship between agro‐ecological characteristics, prevailing crop management practices and SOC stock. Area Spread Index (ASI) approach was used to collect soil samples from the NGP areas supporting predominant cropping systems. Exponential ordinary kriging was found most suitable geo‐statistical model for developing SOC surface maps of the NGP. Predicted surface maps indicated that 43.7% area of NGP had 0.5–0.6% SOC, while the rest of the area was equally distributed with high (0.61–0.75%) and low (< 0.5%) SOC content levels. Averaged across cropping systems, maximum SOC content was recorded in Bhabar and Tarai Zone (BTZ), followed by Central Plain Zone (CPZ), Mid‐Western Plain Zone (MWPZ), Western Plain Zone (WPZ) and South‐Western Plain Zone (SWPZ) of the NGP. The SOC stock was above the optimum threshold (> 12.5 Mg/ha) in 97.8, 57.6 and 46.4% areas of BTZ, CPZ and MWPZ, respectively. Only 9.8 and 0.4% area of WPZ and SWPZ, respectively, had SOC stock above the threshold value. The variation in SOC stock was attributed largely to carbon addition through recycling of organic sources, cropping systems, tillage intensity, crop or residue cover and land‐use efficiency, nutrient‐use pattern, soil texture and prevailing ecosystem. Adoption of conservation agriculture, balanced use of nutrients, inclusion of legumes in cropping systems and agro‐forestry were suggested for enhancing SOC stock in the region.     

连作及轮作土壤微生物菌群对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过植物-土壤反馈试验,研究连作及轮作土壤微生物菌群对黄瓜幼苗生长和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,轮作土壤微生物处理黄瓜植株鲜质量、叶绿素含量、土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性显著高于连作土壤微生物处理;连作及轮作土壤微生物处理增加了黄瓜幼苗干质量、鲜质量、叶绿素含量及总叶面积,显著提高了土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性。综上,连作及轮作土壤微生物菌群对黄瓜幼苗生长均产生正反馈作用,并且轮作土壤微生物的正反馈作用大于连作土壤微生物。     

低温胁迫对蓝莓枝条呼吸作用及生理生化指标的影响

为明确蓝莓枝条不同部位的耐低温能力,利用人工模拟低温胁迫的方法研究了蓝莓1年生枝条尖端、1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条对低温胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下蓝莓不同部位枝条的各生理指标之间虽然具有一定的相关性,但不同生理指标的相关系数差异较大,即蓝莓枝条不同生理过程对低温的敏感性明显不同。其中,0℃时1年生枝条特别是其尖端的呼吸速率明显高于2年生枝条,但其呼吸作用对低温也特别敏感,当温度降低到-10℃时即均发生明显的降低,且1年生枝条尖端的降低幅度最大。另外,低温胁迫下1年生枝条尖端的丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率增加幅度也明显大于1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条,即1年生枝条尖端对低温胁迫更为敏感。低温胁迫下不同部位枝条虽可以通过增加可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)等渗透调节物质,以及增强SOD和POD等抗氧化酶活性的方式来提高其抗寒能力,但当温度降低到-40℃时,不但抑制了蓝莓1年生枝条尖端可溶性蛋白的合成,并且1年生枝条尖端和基端的SOD活性较-20℃时也有不同程度的降低,即-40℃时1年生枝条特别是其尖端蛋白质合成的抑制以及抗氧化酶活性的降低可能是导致其蓝莓在我国北方大兴安岭地区易发生冻、干梢现象的主要原因。而1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条具有较强抗低温能力的原因除了其本身代谢活性较低,对低温不敏感外,低温下有效积累渗透调节物质和增强抗氧化酶的活性在降低其膜质过氧化程度和电解质外渗方面发挥了重要的作用。     

Soil property differences among high‐ and average‐yielding soya bean areas in Arkansas,USA

Soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yields >6719 kg/ha (100 bu/ac) have only recently and infrequently been achieved. Quantifying soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas can help to further identify non‐plant‐related properties contributing to soya bean yield potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of region and soil depth on soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas. In each of the seven regions of the ‘Grow for the Green’ yield contest in Arkansas, prior to or just after harvest in 2014 and 2015, soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of one contest high‐yield (HY ) area that was in close proximity to an average‐yield (AY ) area. Across all regions and both years, soya bean yields differed (P  <  0.05) between yield areas, averaging 4701 and 5498 kg/ha in AY and HY areas, respectively. Averaged across soil depth and years, numerous soil properties differed (P  <  0.05) between HY and AY areas within at least one of seven regions. Total soil C content was at least 20.2% greater in the HY than in the AY area in three of seven regions. Extractable soil P content was, on average, 19.4 kg/ha greater in HY than in AY areas in three of the seven regions. Results from this study have the potential to help producers better understand soil properties that contribute to or hinder achieving ultra‐high (>6719 kg/ha) soya bean yields.