Heat,wheat and CO2: The relevance of timing and the mode of temperature stress on biomass and yield

Atmospheric CO₂ enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO₂ enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO₂ enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (?19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO₂ enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO₂, but not so at elevated CO₂. Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO₂ enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对茶树生理代谢的影响及应对技术

大气中的二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高是工业革命以来全球范围内最重要的生态变化之一,将直接影响植物的生长发育和代谢过程。尽管CO2浓度升高对粮食作物的影响已经得到了广泛的研究,但其对茶树等重要经济作物的影响却很少受到关注。本文回顾和总结了CO2浓度升高对茶树的初级代谢(包括光合作用、呼吸作用和碳氮代谢)和次级代谢的影响,并探讨了CO2浓度升高环境下茶叶生产过程中的应对技术,旨在为CO2浓度升高背景下茶树优质高产栽培提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地重金属的富集迁移效应

为探究互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵对滨海湿地沉积物重金属的富集迁移效应,为滨海湿地生态保护与合理利用提供依据,在山东省日照市黄家塘湾滨海湿地选取不同互花米草入侵年限的斑块,以5 cm为间隔采集0～30 cm沉积物样品和互花米草样品,分析沉积物和互花米草不同部位中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价法、生物富集系数及转运系数等方法进行评价。结果表明：湿地沉积物重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd 的含量范围为5.94～31.94 mg(kg^-1,18.59～56.87 mg(kg^-1,4.76～30.36 mg(kg^-1,0.021～0.083 mg(kg^-1,整体低于研究区域重金属环境背景值;但Cu、Pb在0～15 cm内存在轻度污染;与光滩湿地相比,互花米草入侵湿地沉积物中重金属含量增加,且随互花米草入侵年限增加,沉积物重金属含量呈增加趋势,在上层（0～15 cm）表现尤为显著;互花米草不同部位对重金属的累积存在一定差异,大致表现根>叶>茎;不同重金属在根部的富集效应表现为Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb,互花米草对重金属转运效应为Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd。相关分析表明,沉积物中重金属的累积与互花米草入侵对湿地沉积物粒度组成、有机质含量及pH的改变密切相关。不同重金属在沉积物-植物体系的迁移转运差异则主要与互花米草各部位对重金属元素的吸收差异有关。     

氨维营养强化剂的研究和利用

利用优质蛋白源—大豆饼粕强化谷物,通过粮豆蛋白质互补、生物强化和生物技术等方法,将营养价值较低的原料转化为营养丰富的组合食品—氨维营养强化剂。它氨基酸含量较高、组成比例较协调(接近 FAO 推荐值)。它含有包括人体必需的氨基酸共18种,多种维生素和矿质元素。经国内外有关专家品尝、鉴定,它是优质饮料和食品的强营养     

陕西省南部地区土壤粘粒特性研究

陕西南部土壤粘粒特性的研究发现,陕西省南部北亚热带湿润地区,发育在第四纪下蜀黄土母质上的土壤粘粒含量高,粘化层不明显,粘土矿物以伊利石和蒙脱石为主,粘粒铁富集明显;发育在基岩风化物母质上的土壤粘化层明显,粘土矿物以蒙脱石、蛭石为主,且有一定量的高岭石,粘粒中铝富集强烈。中山区暖温带湿润地区的土壤,粘粒含量较低,粘土矿物以伊利石、绿泥石为主,粘粒中铁、铝富集均不明显,元素的淋溶迁移较弱。     

粤北冰灾受损杉木林6种人工套种模式的植物多样性研究

基于2008年广东省天井山林场冰灾受损杉木林6种人工套种模式以及自然恢复模式的18个面积为400 m2样地的调查数据,对该区域受损杉木林的植物群落结构及其生物多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,群落类型有杉木+红花荷、杉木+峨眉含笑、杉木+火力楠、杉木+枫香、杉木+南酸枣、杉木+观光木+深山含笑、杉木纯林。群落的乔木层常见树种为杉木、红花荷、峨眉含笑、火力楠、枫香、南酸枣、阿丁枫、观光木及深山含笑等;灌草层植物以蔓生莠竹、唐竹、山苍子、淡竹叶、空心泡等植物为优势种。各群落乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数从大到小依次为:杉木+观光木+深山含笑>杉木+红花荷>杉木纯林>杉木+枫香>杉木+南酸枣>杉木+火力楠>杉木+峨眉含笑;灌草层Shannon-Wiener指数由大到小依次为:杉木+红花荷>杉木+观光木+深山含笑>杉木+枫香>杉木+火力楠>杉木+峨眉含笑>杉木+南酸枣>杉木纯林。     

南极Fildes半岛成土过程中主要元素的行为

Nine horizon samples of three soil profiles representative of Dystri-gelic Cambisol, Fibri-gelic Histosol and Relic Ornithosol were taken from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, South Shetland Islands to quantitatively demonstrate the enrichment, migration and loss of the elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na and P) in soil horizons and their behaviour within profiles by application of the enrichment coefficient calculated in terms of the abundance of Ti. Six horizon samples of 4 other profiles randomly taken from the studied area were examined for calculation of the redistributing enrichment coefficient, which was applied for a better understanding of the element redistribution between soil and clay fraction along with soil development. The results showed that the enrichment, migration and redistribution of the elements varied strongly among the investigated soils and horizons, due to the differences of weathering degrees and moisture status, influences of sea bird activities, etc.     

营养强化对灰海马幼体氨基酸组成的影响及品质的评价

为评价复合营养型强化剂对灰海马(Hippocampus erectus)幼体氨基酸组成模式和营养品质的影响,用0.045 mL/L(A)、0.090 mL/L(B)和0.180 mL/L(C)3个浓度的50DE-微囊强化的卤虫投喂灰海马幼体。结果显示,灰海马氨基酸总量(TAA)的平均值为51.10%(质量分数,干样);灰海马含有17种氨基酸(AA),其中8种人体必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)占TAA比例的平均值为31.00%,4种呈味氨基酸总量(TDAA)占TAA的比例超过45.00%(质量分数,干样)。限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile)和亮氨酸(Leu)。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)的平均值为36.97。随着强化剂浓度升高,卤虫和灰海马体内部分AA、TAA、TDAA和非必需氨基酸(TNEAA)的含量及大多数单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量比值(A/E)均与强化剂浓度呈反比(P<0.05)。但是,卤虫和灰海马的TEAA/TAA和TEAA/TNEAA的值却随强化剂浓度升高而上升(P<0.05)。同时,从氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)和EAAI的评分模式可以看出,B、C两组灰海马的评分总体显著高于A组(P<0.05),但B、C两组间大部分氨基酸评分差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果说明,过高浓度的强化剂无法显著提高氨基酸的相对含量,但却能在一定程度上改善氨基酸的组成模式。     

Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3) alters cortisol response after air exposure in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) larvae fed on enriched Artemia

This study investigated the effect of different proportions of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) on the growth, survival and stress response of curimba (Prochilodus lineatus Valenciennes) larvae, an omnivorous freshwater species, fed on enriched Artemia. Six different experimental emulsions were formulated to have two levels of ARA (A‐0.5 and A‐1.0), two levels of DHA (D‐0.5 and D‐1.0) two combinations of ARA and DHA (AD‐3:1 and AD‐1:3). There were no significant effects of treatments on curimba standard length and survival at the end of the experiment. The results showed a negative correlation between dietary DHA and whole‐body cortisol after 60 s of air exposure. The resting concentration of cortisol was not affected by the diets (p = .424). After air exposure, all treatments except for D‐1.0 (p = .137) and D‐0.5 (p = .545) exhibited a marked cortisol rise. These results showed that DHA supplementation can have an attenuating effect on cortisol response after air exposure.     

Antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii enriched with DHA‐rich oil emulsion and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol

Artemia nauplii catabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in particular, they retroconvert docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), so enrichment is a continuous quest towards increasing PUFA through the use of PUFA‐rich enrichment products. However, optimal conditions during enrichment (aeration, illumination and temperatures around 28°C) tend to accelerate autoxidation of PUFA and the formation of potentially toxic oxidation products. Water‐soluble antioxidants like the polyphenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethanol), a polar molecule found in the water fraction resulting after the milling process of olives, arise as promising compounds to prevent oxidation during Artemia enrichments. We investigated the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii during enrichment and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol during the enrichment with a PUFA‐rich emulsion (M70). For this purpose, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase), as well as lipid peroxidation, was determined in enriched and unenriched Artemia nauplii. To validate antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, in a first experiment, nauplii were enriched with microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and M70 emulsion. In a second experiment, enrichment with a commercial emulsion (DC Super Selco), M70, and a combination of M70 and hydroxytyrosol (Hytolive, HYT) added as an external antioxidant were performed. The combination of M70 with HYT produced the best results, in terms of activity of antioxidant enzymes. The analysis of the fatty acids from total lipids showed that the addition of hydroxytyrosol preserved the DHA percentage of enriched nauplii.