Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on intake, growth and metabolism of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens

Juvenile green abalone Haliotis rufescens were grown under laboratory conditions at 21±1 °C and fed formulated diets consisting of different protein:energy ratios (mg protein/kcal), 62, 74, 85, 100, 108, for 60 days. The level of crude protein ranged from approximately 26% to 44% while the energy content remained constant at about 4.1 kcal g⁻¹. Growth ranged from 3.63 to 12.33 mg day⁻¹. The growth of abalone fed the 100 and 108 diets was significantly greater than that of each of the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio increased as the dietary protein content increased except for the T108 diet (44% crude protein). Abalone apparently consume food to satisfy an energy requirement. Caloric expenditure due to metabolism was estimated for abalone fed diets with protein ratios of 62, 85, 100. Energy loss due to respiration did not vary appreciably among abalone fed the different diets. The proportional distribution of dietary energy into fecal, digestible, growth, and metabolic energy was estimated for abalone fed these diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility was among the lowest for abalone fed the 100 P:E diet, but growth of abalone fed this diet was significantly higher than that of each of the other treatments except the 108 diet. Unexplained energy loss to achieve balance ranged from 7% to 28.5%, some of which is probably due to differential mucus and ammonia production. Results suggest a potential for the reduction of both dietary protein and lipid without causing any adverse effects on the growth response.     

Growth and feed utilization of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater: diet and species effects, and responses over time

Four diets differing in crude protein/crude lipid concentrations (CP/CL), 570/200, 510/220, 460/240, 430/260 (g kg^?1 dry diet) were fed to near‐satiety to rainbow trout (initial body weight, IBW = 268 g, domestic strain) and Atlantic salmon (IBW = 456 g, wild strain) for 308 days to determine the effect of diets, species and fish size on efficiency of feed, nitrogen (N) and energy utilization. Within species, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE, E gain/E intake) were not affected by diet (P < 0.05). N retention efficiency (NRE, N gain/N intake) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing CP/CL for both species. NRE and FE were higher for salmon compared with trout. Whole body CP of salmon was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and lipid significantly (P < 0.05) lower, than those of trout. There was a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in FE as fish grew, regardless of diet and species. NRE linearly decreased (P < 0.0001) and lipid to protein deposition ratio (LD/PD) increased (P < 0.05) as trout grew. NRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) while ERE and LD/PD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as salmon grew. Salmon appeared to rely to a greater extent on non‐protein energy‐yielding nutrients to support cost of growth than did trout.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth, lipid deposition and metabolic hepatic enzymes in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup)

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of various dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance, whole‐body composition and tissue lipid content in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. Data on the dietary regulation of key hepatic enzymes of the lipogenic and glycolytic pathways (glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; malic enzyme, ME; fatty acid synthetase, FAS; pyruvate kinase, PK and glucokinase, GK) were also generated. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein: 52% dry matter (DM)) diets were formulated to contain one of two lipid levels (11% and 21% DM). Within each dietary lipid level, the nature of the carbohydrate fraction (raw or extruded peas) was varied. Triplicate groups of 54 sole (initial body weight: 23.6±1.2 g) were grown in recirculated seawater over 67 days. Fish were fed using automated feeders. At the end of the study, whole‐body, liver, viscera and muscle samples were withdrawn for analyses. During the experimental period, the mean fish weight about doubled in all treatments. No significant differences were found in growth performance (ranging from 1.1% to 1.4% body weight day^?1) among dietary treatments. High‐fat diets increased whole‐body fat content. Similarly, daily fat gain ranged from 0.54 to 0.78 g kg^?1 day^?1 and highest values were found in fish fed high‐lipid diets. Dietary treatments also affected tissue lipid content (liver, viscera and muscle), with highest values in fish fed high‐fat diets. The nature of dietary carbohydrates had little influence on performance criteria, but affected tissue lipid deposition. The activities of G6PD, ME and FAS were depressed by elevated levels of dietary lipid, confirming the inhibitory effect of dietary fats on lipid biosynthesis. At both dietary lipid levels, ME and FAS activities were little affected by dietary carbohydrate. Activities of PK and GK were not affected by the starch level of the diets. In Senegalese sole juveniles, the lipogenic pathway is more susceptible to modulation by dietary means (particularly through lipid intake) than the glycolytic pathway.     

液电式馈能减振器外特性仿真与试验

为了回收由路面不平引起的车辆振动能量,设计了一种车用液电式馈能减振器,并针对其外特性进行了研究。根据液电式馈能减振器组成与原理,建立了相应的数学模型,模拟试验工况计算得到了示功特性及速度特性曲线;搭建了液电式馈能减振器试验台架并进行台架试验以验证理论模型的合理性;最后,基于所建立的液电馈能式减振器数学模型分析了蓄能器充气压力、蓄能器充气体积、液压马达排量、单向阀节流口面积与液压管路内径对外特性的影响。结果表明:提高高压蓄能器充气压力可以增大系统阻尼力;增大高压蓄能器充气体积、单向阀节流口面积、液压管路内径以及液压马达排量会引起系统阻尼力减小,其中液压马达排量只对伸张行程阻尼力有影响,压缩行程阻尼力不受其影响。     

农村能源建设与农业可持续发展关系的探讨

本文通过以沼气为纽带的农村能源生态模式的论述 ,阐明了农村能源在农业可持续发展中的重要作用     

忻州地区玉米施钾效果初报

通过田间试验,研究了忻州地区玉米施钾效应及适宜的施用量。结果表明,增施钾肥能明显促进玉米产量构成性状,玉米产量随着施钾量的增加而提高。每公顷施用K2O100kg,可基本维持土壤钾素肥力。     

直列4缸内燃机双轴平衡系统设计

直列4缸平面布置曲轴内燃机存在不平衡的二阶往复惯性力,采用兰氏双轴平衡系统,可以平衡二阶往复惯性力,使内燃机的噪声和振动明显下降。     

论水稻合理平衡施肥

"庄稼一枝花,全靠肥当家",种庄稼要施肥,早已成为常识。但如何合理经济平衡施肥,提高肥料利用率。下面就水稻的需肥特性、吸肥规律和施肥技术作一些简要介绍。     

Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents of field vegetables — Recent data for fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances

When calculating fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances, growers and advisers usually do not do site specific measurements but use data from look up tables. Data given by older literature sources, however, do not take into account today's cropping practices. Therefore a databank on nutrient contents of total yields, marketable yields and harvest residues of 22 field vegetable crops is presented. This databank was compiled using results from topical field experiments and from recent literature.     

改进综合气象干旱指数对广西农业干旱的适用性分析

【目的】分析改进综合气象干旱指数（IM_CI）对广西农业干旱的监测评估效果,探讨改进综合气象干旱指数对广西农业干旱监测评估的适用性。【方法】利用广西89个台站的气象资料,使用农田土壤水分平衡方程（FSWB）、改进综合气象干旱指数（IM_CI）分别模拟监测1961-2010年的广西农业干旱情况,对比分析两种指数的应用效果。【结果】IM_CI对农业干旱的历史灾情、典型过程的旱情演变、季节干旱频率的时空特征及季节的干湿特点有较好的描述,总体优于FSB。【结论】IM_CI对广西农业干旱的监测评估效果较好,适用于广西农业的干旱监测评估。