Outcomes of esophageal and gastric bone foreign bodies in dogs

BackgroundBone foreign bodies are commonly encountered in small animal practice. Esophageal bone foreign bodies (E‐bFBs) warrant removal, whereas gastric bone foreign bodies might not.ObjectivesDescribe management and outcomes for dogs with esophageal or gastric bone foreign bodies.AnimalsOne hundred twenty‐nine dogs with esophageal (n = 45) or gastric (n = 84) bone foreign bodies.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records.ResultsDogs with E‐bFBs were younger than dogs with gastric bone foreign bodies (median age esophageal, 4 years [IQR 2‐8]; median age gastric, 6 years [IQR 3‐10]; P = .03), and had a higher bone cross‐sectional area relative to body weight (median esophageal, 98.21 mm²/kg [IQR 48.25‐142.6]; median gastric, 28.6 mm²/kg [IQR 17.25‐64.28]; P < .001). Forty‐two of 45 esophageal foreign bodies were resolved non‐surgically and 3 by esophagotomy. Esophageal erosions were more likely with distal entrapment (OR 12.88, [95% CI 31.95‐129.29], P = .01) and longer duration (OR 18.82 [95% CI 2.22‐273.97], P = .01). Sixty‐two of 84 bone gastric foreign bodies were left in situ. Endoscopic removal was successful in 20 of 22 (91%; 95% CI 70‐99) attempts.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhile all E‐bFBs were dislodged either by advancement into the stomach, endoscopic removal, or esophagotomy, the majority of gastric bone foreign bodies were left in situ for dissolution, with no reported complications. Gastric advancement of E‐bFBs should be considered when oral removal is not feasible, and dissolution can be considered even with large bones.     

基于倾向值匹配方法的土地督察制度的耕地保护效应研究

[目的]评估土地督察对耕地保护的效果以及解决样本选择带来的内生性问题,进一步完善土地督察制度提供理论支持。[方法]收集1999—2008年的省级面板数据,基于倾向值匹配分析估计土地督察的耕地保护效果。[结果](1)通过匹配变量的平衡性检验,最终采用了内核匹配方法。运用内核匹配法进行匹配估算,专项督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积8 037.489hm~2,例行督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积62 741.880hm~2。(2)专项督查地区的选择并非随机产生的,由此产生了样本选择偏误,即由于样本选择产生的内生性问题,采用倾向值匹配方法能够更为准确地估算专项督查的耕地保护效果。(3)例行督察对地区的选择相对专项督查而言,随机性更强,督察也更为全面,因此样本选择偏误也较小。以被督察地区面积比重表达政策变量方式估计得到的例行督查耕地保护效果要比倾向值匹配方法估计得到的结果更为可靠。[结论]例行督察的耕地保护效果较好。在土地政策评估中,需要考虑政策及其对象的相互关系的不同,以此考虑政策效果评估方法的选择。     

Understanding farmers’ potato production practices and use of improved varieties in Chencha,Ethiopia

This study was carried out to better understand non-adoption of improved varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and associated technologies by smallholder farmers in Chencha, Ethiopia. Data were collected through a survey (n = 47) and in-depth interviews (n = 20). It shows how wealth status was a factor of major importance. Most wealthy and some medium-wealthy farmers adopted improved potato varieties and many of the improved production practices; they had access to seed, associated knowledge and support, and sufficient resources that were necessary to apply the improved practices. Non-adoption was common among many medium-wealthy and most poor farmers: they lacked—next to access to the technologies and knowledge—cash, land, and labor. Results indicated the need to rethink research and intervention efforts. Next to paying attention to differences in the access to technology and the related knowledge, there is a need to consider the variation in technology needs, supporting microcredit services, and room to experiment. As a result, different combinations of improved production practices may be adopted.     

紫甘蓝吐司的配方优化及其质构特性研究

研究了紫甘蓝泥、酵母、面包改良剂和烤焙油对紫甘蓝吐司品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以感官评分为判断标准,通过正交试验确定吐司的最佳工艺配方并对感官品质和质构特性的关系进行分析。结果表明:当紫甘蓝泥添加量9.0%,酵母添加量1.2%,面包改良剂添加量0.6%,烤焙油添加量6.0%时,研制出的紫甘蓝吐司感官品质最佳。同时,利用逐步回归分析法建立感官评分与质构特性间的最优线性回归模型:Y(感官评分)=-92.388+18.315X2(弹性)。本研究为紫甘蓝吐司的研发与生产提供理论参考。     

基于田块尺度的农田土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

基于田块尺度采集农田表层土壤样品120件,采用绝对因子分析/多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型与地统计学分析对研究区域内As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属污染空间分布特征及来源进行解析,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤生态风险。研究结果表明：研究区表层土壤中8种重金属含量差异较大,As、Cd和Cr点位超标率分别为61.83%、90.83%和92.52%,土壤重金属Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在（占比在80%以上）。土壤中Cd、Cr和Cu含量空间分布格局呈东南部较高、中部次之、西北部较低的趋势,而Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的空间分布格局与此相反。APCS-MLR模型表明研究区域土壤重金属As、Cr、Cu和Ni的来源以自然源为主,占比分别为39.34%、47.32%、44.53%和50.23%; Pb、Zn的来源以工业活动源和交通源为主,占比分别为31.93%、30.53%和23.36%、22.17%; Cd的农业活动源占比为53.63%。土壤pH与有效态As、Cd、Cu和Ni含量呈极显著负相关性（P<0.01）,土壤有机质与有效态As、Cd和Cr呈极显著负相关性（P<0.01）。地累积指数显示土壤Cr总体处于中、重度污染水平,其次是Cd;生态危害指数也表明Cr和Cd是主要生态危害元素,潜在生态危害系数变化范围分别为5.20~41.12和11.56~113.35。总体来看,研究区域Cr和Cd污染较为严重,存在潜在风险,应采取安全利用和修复等措施,降低其风险水平。     

脾虚湿蕴型荨麻疹行自血疗法与梅花针联合治疗的效果观察

目的 观察脾虚湿蕴型荨麻疹行自血疗法与梅花针联合治疗的效果。方法 随机选取本院2016年1月至2017年10月收治的脾虚湿蕴型荨麻疹患者200例,随机数字表法分为3组,66例予以自血疗法治疗者为A组,66例予以梅花针治疗者为B组,68例予以梅花针联合自血疗法治疗者为C组,对比分析3组治疗前后荨麻疹活动评分、免疫功能与复发情况。结果 治疗后,C组荨麻疹活动度评分较A组、B组低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗后,C组辅助性T细胞（CD4⁺）、细胞毒性T细胞（CD8⁺）及CD4⁺/CD8⁺值优于A组、B组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;C组复发率较A组、B组低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 脾虚湿蕴型荨麻疹行自血疗法与梅花针联合治疗可有效降低荨麻疹活动度评分,改善免疫功能,并且减少复发率,值得推广。     

针刺对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经功能缺损及 梗死面积的影响

〔摘要〕目的探讨针刺大椎、百会、人中穴对脑缺血大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死面积比的影响、方法参照 ZeaLonga线拴法复制大脑中动脉缺血模型(MCAO), 40只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、针刺穴位组(即穴位 组,穴取大椎、百会、人中)、针刺对照点组(即对照点组,穴取大椎、百会、人中左侧旁开0.3 cm处),6次针刺后,观 察神经功能缺损评分及1`TC染色检测梗死面积比评价、结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、梗 死面积比明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而对穴位组、对照点组能不同程度地降低神经功能缺损评分,减少 梗死面积,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 , P<0.01),且穴位组优于对照点组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 )〔结论针刺大 椎、百会、人中穴可通过改善神经功能的缺损,减少脑梗死面积从而对脑具有保护作用、     

混料设计法优化萝卜糕配方的研究

萝卜糕是闽南地区一种传统小吃,其质地柔软,味道鲜美,营养丰富,是一种适宜大众的美食。本文以黏米粉、玉米粉、马铃薯粉为粉料,采用混料设计试验方法优化萝卜糕的原料配比,研究了不同种类及不同配比的淀粉形成的面团的质构特性,比较不同配比的原料对萝卜糕感官品质的影响,确定各原料的最佳添加量。通过质构分析和感官评分法对萝卜糕的配方进行比较。结果表明:当黏米粉、玉米粉和马铃薯粉的混合比例为0.65∶0.10∶0.25时,面团TPA质构特性为硬度较低,黏着性、弹性和内聚性均达到最高值,分别为1 220.834 Pa·s、0.97和0.534,且黏米粉、玉米粉和马铃薯粉比例为0.598、0.176、0.226时,制备的萝卜糕风味最佳,感官品质得分最高。     

“冰冻”马铃薯即食风味食品的研制

以马铃薯为原料,通过单因素试验得到各因素较优水平,再采用正交试验,以感官品质为评价标准,确定“冰冻”马铃薯即食风味食品的最佳加工工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺为超低温(-40℃)冷冻马铃薯6h,待其解冻后,挤干水分并去皮,放入食盐添加量为1%的调味汁中浸泡30h,大火蒸制30min。试验所得产品风味独特、口感筋道、营养价值高。     

Apparent digestibility of protein, energy, and amino acids in some selected feed ingredients for pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of amino acids (AA), protein, and energy in six feed ingredients (Brazilian fish meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, alcoholic yeast, corn, and wheat bran) we evaluated for pacu juveniles. In general, all ingredients showed high digestibility values for all AA, and differences among ADCs of individual amino acid were detected ( P  < 0.01). Corn gluten, soybean, and fish meals had the highest ADCs of AA. The ADCs of protein in fish meal, yeast, and corn gluten meal should not be used as AA digestibility indicators, because those showed differences up to 6.7% between the ADCs of protein and AA. All ingredients had lower ADCs of energy than corn gluten meal ( P  < 0.01). Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, and corn, and the second limiting amino acid in soybean meal, as methionine was the first limiting amino acid in soybean meal and yeast. However, the soybean meal was the best quality protein source, as it had the highest digestible essential amino acid index. This demonstrated that digestible amino acid values can be used to formulate practical diets for pacu, preventing potential deficiencies or excess that might cause environmental and economic losses.