长白落叶松幼苗耗水速率与气象因子的关系

为研究苗木耗水速率与气象因子的关系,对长白落叶松幼苗进行室外瓶栽蒸馏水培试验,结合气象因子,利用瓶栽称重法分析幼苗昼夜耗水速率与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明:白天,长白落叶松幼苗耗水速率与距离地面1 m处空气湿度相关性显著,与其他气象因子相关性不显著,耗水速率与近地面1 m处空气湿度呈指数性负相关;夜间耗水速率与气象因子相关性均不显著。     

施肥对油茶生长与叶片营养元素含量的影响

以油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)为试验材料,研究了施用氮、磷、钾肥对油茶生长、产量及油茶叶片N、P、K、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等营养元素含量的影响。结果表明,施肥可促进油茶树高、冠幅和地径的生长,影响顺序为N＞P＞K。施肥后、油茶叶片中Fe、Mn、Cu呈上升趋势,N、P、K、Zn整体上呈下降趋势。叶片中N、P、K元素之间呈正相关关系,这3种元素与Fe、Mn、Cu呈负相关关系;元素Fe、Mn、Cu之间呈正相关,但这三者与元素Zn呈负相关。     

干旱胁迫下壳寡糖对玉米叶片叶绿素含量、含水量及保护酶活性的影响

以玉米为研究对象,设置壳寡糖和清水（对照）2个处理,研究了在干旱胁迫下外施壳寡糖对玉米叶片叶绿素含量、含水量及叶片保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,壳寡糖处理和对照均使玉米叶片中叶绿素含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,但壳寡糖处理叶绿素含量由断水后第7天的30.7 mg/g 提高到断水后第15天的32.4 mg/g ,而对照则由断水后第7天的27.4 mg/g下降至21.4 mg/g;壳寡糖处理和对照的叶片相对含水量在断水后均呈下降趋势,但壳寡糖处理在断水第15天较对照增加16.2％,此时对照表现为萎焉（叶片含水量52.4％）,壳寡糖处理则生长正常,外施壳寡糖具有减缓 SOD、POD、CAT活性下降的作用。综合分析认为,外施壳聚糖可提高玉米对干旱的抵抗能力。     

养分运筹对早稻叶片叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量的影响

以湘早籼45号为材料,采用田间小区试验,研究养分运筹对早稻叶片叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量的影响。结果表明：高产高效施肥与农民习惯施肥相比,在节氮20%的条件下,通过增施有机肥及调节后期施氮比例,益阳、湘阴早稻叶片灌浆期总叶绿素含量分别提高29.27%、38.20%,类胡萝卜素含量分别提高13.16%、30.12%,增产4.20%、4.80%。益阳超高产高效施肥 A和 B处理早稻叶片灌浆期总叶绿素含量比农民习惯施肥分别提高53.91%、53.73%,类胡萝卜素含量分别提高35.95%、37.47%,增产16.60%、18.75%;湘阴超高产高效施肥 A和 B处理早稻叶片灌浆期总叶绿素含量比农民习惯施肥分别提高57.82%、56.80%,类胡萝卜素含量分别提高54.88%、57.03%,增产10.10%、6.75%。相关分析表明：不同地力环境条件下,早稻叶片叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量与产量呈显著或极显著正相关（P＜0.05或 P＜0.01）。养分运筹模式对早稻叶片叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量的促进作用显著。     

2012年夏季南奥克尼群岛水域表层海水中典型痕量元素分布研究

根据2012年夏季南奥克尼群岛水域采集的表层水样本,利用原子吸收分光光度法分析了该水域表层水中的铜,铅,锌和铁的含量及分布。结果表明：铜浓度在0.033-0.121mg/L之间,铅浓度在0.414-1.478 mg/L之间,锌浓度在0.008 -0.083 mg/L之间,铁浓度在0.255-0.454 mg/L之间,平均值分别为0.059 mg/L,0.908 mg/L,0.037 mg/L和0.351mg/L。铁与锌含量有着自西向东逐渐增加的趋势。本研究可为建立南极半岛海洋环境信息数据库提供基础数据,为进一步开展南大洋海洋生物地球化学研究奠定良好的基础。     

碳酸盐碱度对达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄和排氨基因表达的影响

采用封闭流水式呼吸室法,研究了不同浓度碳酸盐碱度(以下简称CA,10、30、50、70、90、110 mmol/L)对体质量为(84.62±6.70)g的达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率、血氨含量及排氨基因Rh家族(Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcg1和Rhcg2)在鳃组织中表达量的影响。结果表明,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,且都显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在CA90时,耗氧率和排氨率均达到最低值,表明CA90可能是达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼所能承受的最大碱度胁迫。相反,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的血氨含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在CA90时达到峰值。然而在CA0~50时,瓦氏雅罗鱼血氨含量无显著差异(P0.05),表明达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼进化出特殊的排氨机制,使其体内能够保持较低的氨氮含量以此规避氨中毒。定量PCR显示,参与氨转运的4种Rh基因在不同碱度处理组均有不同程度的上调表达;其中Rhcg1和Rhcg2在高碱度(CA110)最为显著(P0.05),表明Rhcg1和Rhcg2可能在达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼高碱胁迫下的排氨过程中发挥重要作用。能量代谢研究(O∶N)发现,在CA0~70时,雅罗鱼无需消耗过多能源物质即可实现高碱度胁迫下的能量需求;而在碱度为90~110时,则主要消耗脂肪和碳水化合物供能,减少蛋白质耗能,以此降低毒氨的产生。依据上述研究结果,深入探讨了达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在高碱胁迫下的排氨策略及其可能的生理和分子机制,为推动达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在不同类型盐碱水域的增养殖提供科学依据。     

不同采样幅度和间距下压砂地枣树土壤水分的空间变异性研究

为了探明西北地区特有的压砂地枣树土壤水分的空间变异及其尺度效应,本文基于野外试验,选取32m×32 m区域,并在此基础上改变采样幅度和采样间距,基于经典统计学和地统计学理论,研究了不同采样幅度和间距条件下0-50 cm土层土壤含水量的空间分布特征及其空间变异性。结果表明,对于所有5种采样幅度(32m×32 m、28 m×28 m、24 m×24 m、20 m×20 m和16 m×16 m),随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量呈减小的趋势,而变异系数呈增大的趋势,空间变异强度基本表现为弱变异至中等偏弱变异;当采样幅度增大时,土壤含水量的变异系数Cv、块金值C0及变程A均不断增大。对于4 m、8 m和12 m这3种采样间距,当采样间距增大时,土壤含水量的块金值C0不断增大,变程A不断减小,而变异系数Cv不受影响。在不同尺度内,土壤含水量均存在强烈的空间自相关性。各土层土壤含水量在不同采样间距下的空间分布形态相似,多处出现明显的"隆起"与"凹陷",受地形影响显著,并随着采样间距的增大,逐渐平坦化,8 m为较合理的采样间距。     

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein from solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal and 0, 7, 14 or 21% lipid from menhaden fish oil. The basal diet, without supplemental fish oil, contained lipid at 0.4% of dry weight. The diets were fed to groups of 25 juvenile red drum initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.18 g fish^–1 in a recirculating culture system for 8 weeks and weight gain was recorded. After an additional 8 weeks, 16 fish from each treatment were sacrificed and the following measurements were recorded: hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, and liver -tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and cytochrome P-4501A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity). The activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and concentrations of -tocopherol also were measured in plasma.Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary lipid concentration, with values ranging from 361% of initial weight for fish fed the basal diet to 527% of initial weight for fish fed the diet containing 7% lipid. The HSI and IPF ratio values also were significantly affected by lipid with the lowest values recorded for fish fed the basal diet and the highest values observed in fish fed the diet containing 21% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid significantly increased oxidative stress as reflected in reduced -tocopherol in liver and plasma and increased MDA formation in the liver, although no overt pathological signs were observed. These findings suggest that lipid concentrations between 7 and 14%, when the diet contains 60 IU vitamin E kg^–1, are likely to limit oxidative stress and result in normal physiological responses of red drum.     

西瓜可溶性固形物含量近红外透射检测技术

设计的近红外透射式西瓜可溶性固形物含量（SSC）检测系统主要包括光纤光谱仪、光纤透射附件、数据采集卡以及自制光源。对50个麒麟瓜SSC进行了预测试验,采用主成分回归和偏最小二乘回归法分别建立了样品的原始光谱、一阶微分光谱、二阶微分光谱和SSC的预测模型,结果表明偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型具有较高的相关性,相关系数为0．951,均方根校正误差0．347,均方根预测误差0．302,样本真实值与预测值的相关系数为0．910。