A cropping system assessment framework—Evaluating effects of introducing legumes into crop rotations

Methods are needed for the design and evaluation of cropping systems, in order to test the effects of introducing or reintroducing crops into rotations. The interaction of legumes with other crops (rotational effects) requires an assessment at the cropping system scale. The objective of this work is to introduce a cropping system framework to assess the impacts of changes in cropping systems in a participatory approach with experts, i.e., the integration of legumes into crop rotations and to demonstrate its application in two case studies. The framework consists of a rule-based rotation generator and a set of algorithms to calculate impact indicators. It follows a three-step approach: (i) generate rotations, (ii) evaluate crop production activities using environmental, economic and phytosanitary indicators, and (iii) design cropping systems and assess their impacts. Experienced agronomists and environmental scientists were involved at several stages of the framework development and testing in order to ensure the practicability of designed cropping systems. The framework was tested in Västra Götaland (Sweden) and Brandenburg (Germany) by comparing cropping systems with and without legumes. In both case studies, cropping systems with legumes reduced nitrous oxide emissions with comparable or slightly lower nitrate-N leaching, and had positive phytosanitary effects. In arable systems with grain legumes, gross margins were lower than in cropping systems without legumes despite taking pre-crop effects into account. Forage cropping systems with legumes had higher or equivalent gross margins and at the same time higher environmental benefits than cropping systems without legumes. The framework supports agronomists to design sustainable legume-supported cropping systems and to assess their impacts.     

鄂西南地区稻瘟病菌AVR-Pia动态变化研究

为了解鄂西南地区稻瘟病菌AVR-Pia的分布和动态变化,于2017—2020年在鄂西南9个地点同时种植特定100个水稻品种,采集感病稻杆并分离稻瘟病菌;利用水稻单基因系IRBLa-A进行致病性鉴定,设计无毒基因AVR-Pia特异性引物进行PCR扩增和序列分析。结果表明2017—2020年分离保存的661株稻瘟病菌菌株中,有49株含有无毒基因AVR-Pia（占7.4%）,不同年份及不同地点AVR-Pia出现频率差异明显,2017—2020年分别为7.5%、16.0%、3.1%、5.0%,AVR-Pia出现频率最高的是野三关(15.8%),其次是柏杨和来凤（都是14.6%）,咸丰、建始和太平未出现。含Pia的单基因系IRBLa-A对其中91个菌株(13.8%)具有抗性。49个菌株能扩增出463 bp的特异性条带,序列分析发现其CDS区域未发现突变,起始密码子上游109 bp位点发生碱基突变G/T,该位点变异是否与表达相关有待进一步研究。说明鄂西南地区无毒基因AVR-Pia存在较少,抗性基因Pia不适合在鄂西南地区作为主效抗病基因来选择育种。     

北京湿地现状调查与分析

通过对北京市湿地资源普查结果和湿地动态变化的分析,对水资源、湿地植物资源、湿地动物资源、湿地生态旅游资源、湿地土地资源的合理利用提出了建议。     

Application of multi-dimension parallel genetic algorithm to energy-saving optimum control of trains in following operation

In order to study the energy-saving optimum control strategy of a leading train and a tracing train in following operation under a moving block system,an energy-saving control model of trains is created. The aims of the model are energy consumption and trip time error. The control variables of this model are the operating handle level and the train’s position when the operating handle level is changed. Based on the model,the static and dynamic speed restraints are put forward. The static speed restraints are defined by the line conditions and the dynamic speed restraints of the tracing train caused by the leading train for the sake of safety. This problem is solved with the help of multi-dimension parallel genetic algorithm (GA) and external punishment function. During the solving process,the crossover probability and the mutation probability are adjusted dynamically according to the GA generation to improve the efficiency of the coarse grain search and the fine grain search. Ramps divided into three parts and the real number coding are adopted to shorten the length of chromosomes and improve the speed of convergence. Its correctness and effectiveness are validated at a simulation platform of train operation.     

农业病虫系统灰色动态关联分析

影响农业病虫害发生发展的各种因素复杂而多变，对它们需要采取动态的分析。在长期研究农业病虫测报技术的基础上，本文采用了灰色关联动态分析方法，对一代玉米螟发生量与越冬基娄之间的关系进行了分析，指出了后者对前者在远期、中期和近期的影响，为玉米螟发生程度预测因素的入选提供了依据。     

气候变化对植被带影响研究进展

人类活动造成的温室气体持续增长形成的全球气候变化得到了世界的关注,随着气候的变化必将影响植被带的范围和面积。综述了气候变化对植被带影响的研究方法,主要分析在我国影响的预测方法和对植被带分布影响趋势,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

Experts' Perceptions on China's Capacity to Manage Emerging and Re‐emerging Zoonotic Diseases in an Era of Climate Change

Zoonotic diseases transmitted by arthropods and rodents are a major public health concern in China. However, interventions in recent decades have helped lower the incidence of several diseases despite the country's large, frequently mobile population and socio‐economic challenges. Increasing globalization, rapid urbanization and a warming climate now add to the complexity of disease control and prevention and could challenge China's capacity to respond to threats of emerging and re‐emerging zoonoses. To investigate this notion, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 30 infectious disease experts in four cities in China. The case study diseases under discussion were malaria, dengue fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, all of which may be influenced by changing meteorological conditions. Data were analysed using standard qualitative techniques. The study participants viewed the current disease prevention and control system favourably and were optimistic about China's capacity to manage climate‐sensitive diseases in the future. Several recommendations emerged from the data including the need to improve health literacy in the population regarding the transmission of infectious diseases and raising awareness of the health impacts of climate change amongst policymakers and health professionals. Participants thought that research capacity could be strengthened and human resources issues for front‐line staff should be addressed. It was considered important that authorities are well prepared in advance for outbreaks such as dengue fever in populous subtropical areas, and a prompt and coordinated response is required when outbreaks occur. Furthermore, health professionals need to remain skilled in the identification of diseases for which incidence is declining, so that re‐emerging or emerging trends can be rapidly identified. Recommendations such as these may be useful in formulating adaptation plans and capacity building for the future control and prevention of climate‐sensitive zoonotic diseases in China and neighbouring countries.     

Approach to Effective Control on the Project Investment

In this paper, in allusion to the three kinds of serious overvaluation (the budgetary estimate of project construction exceeds the rough estimate, the budget exceeds the budgetary estimate and the final accounts exceed the budget) causing uncontrollable project investment often appeared in domestic project construction,the main causes for that are analyzed. That is, the frequent project change and the malpractice of the cost managing system. In this paper, according to some real projects,the kinds and causes of project change are clarified and the malpractice of the cost managing system is analyzed. The effective approaches of reducing the project change, especially the united surveying and improving the cost managing system in order to make the effective control of the project investment are realized.     

不同天气下嫁接黄瓜净光合速率及其影响因子的日变化

以大棚嫁接黄瓜和自根黄瓜为材料,在不同天气下采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400型便携式光合仪测定结瓜期净光合速率及其影响因子的日变化.结果表明:无论晴天还是阴天,嫁接黄瓜和自根黄瓜的净光合速率、光合有效辐射、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈单峰型变化,日均最高值均是嫁接黄瓜略大于自根黄瓜:嫁接黄瓜和自根黄瓜的胞间CO2浓度均呈"U"型变化,叶温均呈倒"U"型变化,且在同一时间两者叶温几乎无差别.     

Major current and future gaps of Brazilian reserves to protect Neotropical savanna birds

We tested the prediction that climate-driven changes might alter bird species composition in reserves of the Cerrado region of Brazil. First, we modelled the current distributions and the potential future projections of 38 endemic or rare bird species. We used eight modelling techniques within the BIOMOD computational framework in an ensemble-forecasting approach to reach a consensus scenario. Then we compared current and future (2046-2060) distributions under different scenarios (reserve size and bird dispersal) with the current Brazilian reserve system to assess the adequacy of protection (representation) of each species and detect gaps in their protection. Finally, to identify areas with high probability of occurrence of several species, we calculated cumulative climatic suitability of all 38 species for both current and future scenarios. None of the 38 species is covered under any current or future scenarios, revealing that the current reserve system is highly inefficient in conserving the analyzed bird species. The implementation of new reserves to cover species in current and future climate scenarios is recommended in areas in the south-eastern part of the Cerrado region and in the mountains of east Brazil. Due to the already high land use of the southeast region of the Cerrado, the application of non-traditional conservation measures should be evaluated.