两株新分离的APMV-I毒株感染SPF鸡的超微病理变化

将APMV-I鹅源分离株YG97鸡源分离株Y98和NDV强毒株F48E8感染SPF鸡，运用透射电镜观察该2株病毒分离株对机体细胞的影响，结果显示3株禽副黏病毒均引起机体肝、胰、脾、肾、心、胃、十二指肠和直肠等实质器官组织细胞的超微病变，如黏膜上皮细胞多处受损，表面微绒毛脱落；实质细胞核固缩、凝聚、凹陷、核多形性，线粒体嵴断裂、空泡样变、膜溶解，粗面内质网扩张、囊泡变，细胞浆的囊泡内及细胞浆内存在有囊膜的成熟病毒粒子等，但YG97和Y98对不同实质器官的组织细胞超微病变程度不一：胃、肝、胰、脾、肾超微病变比心脏的超微病变严重。电镜观察结果还表明：3株禽副黏病毒引起宿主细胞的超微病变有2种形式：坏死性病变和凋亡性病变。     

近47年来京津冀地区降水的变化

利用线性回归、突变分析和小波分析方法,分析了京津冀地区1960-2006年84个地面台站降水量的变化。结果表明:47年来京津冀降水量呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为15mm/10a。除夏季外,其余季节降水量均呈增加趋势。由于华北地区夏季降水量集中了全年降水量的60%至70%,所以夏季降水量的显著减少使得年平均降水量呈下降趋势;京津冀地区夏季降水量在1996年代初减少是一突变现象,其他季节降水量无突变现象;京津冀地区年降水量和四季降水量大致存在3个主要周期的变化。     

宁夏土壤侵蚀动态变化与原因分析

通过对 1990年和 1999年两次土壤侵蚀遥感普查数据的对比 ,从类型、面积、强度、分布等方面对宁夏土壤侵蚀的动态变化进行了较为详细的分析。结果表明 :宁夏回族自治区各类型区水土流失面积有所减小 ,土壤侵蚀的剧烈程度普遍减弱。初步分析认为 ,土壤侵蚀变化的原因 ,除两次普查存在方法上的系统误差外 ,水土保持的作用功不可没。针对不同类型区土壤侵蚀的特点 ,提出了今后应采取的相应防治方略。     

Land-cover and structural changes in a western Norwegian cultural landscape since 1865, based on an old cadastral map and a field survey

Many studies of land-cover and structural changes in cultural landscapes have used historical maps as a source for information about past land-cover. All transformations of historical maps onto modern coordinate systems are however burdened with difficulties when it comes to accuracy. We show that a detailed land survey of the present landscape may enable transformation of an old cadastral map directly onto the present terrain with very high accuracy. The detailed resulting map enabled us to locate remnants of semi-natural grasslands and man-made structures with continuity from 1865 and to test hypotheses about relationships between landscape changes and landscape characteristics. The main land-cover change 1865–2002 was decrease of arable fields, and addition of three new land-cover classes: horticultural, orchard and abandoned areas. Of the 330 man-made structures present in 1865, only 58 remained in 2002, while 63 new structures had been built after 1865. We found that semi-natural grasslands with continuity since 1865 were situated on ground with significantly lower production capacity than mean 1865 production capacity. The man-made structures with continuity since 1865 were also associated with areas with significantly lower production capacity than the 1865 mean, situated in significantly steeper terrain but not further from the hamlet. Our study illustrates the potential of digitised and accurately transformed historical cadastral maps combined with detailed field surveys for analysis of land-cover and structural changes in the cultural landscape.     

Effect of environmental conditions on the seasonal and inter‐annual variability of small pelagic fish abundance off North‐West Africa: The case of both Senegalese sardinella

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of environmental variations on the abundance of Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis in Senegalese waters in the upwelling system. Monthly data indicating the abundance of sardinella were first estimated from commercial statistics, using Generalized Linear Model from 1966 to 2011. Abundance indices (AIs) were then compared with environmental indices, at the local scale, a Coastal Upwelling Index (CUI) and a coastal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) index, and on a large scale, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), using correlations and times series analyses. The results showed that the abundance of sardinella is determined by a strong seasonal pattern and inter‐annual fluctuations. The abundance of S. aurita peaked in spring and in autumn, whereas that of S. maderensis peaked in the warm season (July–September). The trend of the sardinella abundance was significantly correlated with the CUI, especially in autumn and spring. Interannual fluctuations of S. maderensis and S. aurita abundance are, respectively, driven by the precocity and the duration of the upwelling season that is attributed to distinct migration patterns. Both sardinella species also respond with a delay of around 4 years to the winter NAO index and the autumn CUI, and the AMO index, respectively, both related to migration patterns. The wide variations in sardinella biomass are caused by variations in environmental conditions, which should be considered in the implementation of an ecosystem‐based approach in sardinella stocks management.     

美国公共放牧地管理政策演进的历史经验

当初步遏制草地退化后,我国当前迫切需要对草地管理政策进行优化和调整,进而更好地通过草畜平衡和生态补贴实现生态保育和牧民利益的协调和可持续发展目标。长达90年的美国公共放牧地政策可以为我国调整和优化草地管理政策提供借鉴。美国经验表明,实现草地生态保育需要在社会共识、法律体系和行政管理等方面,牢固地树立和实现草地的多重功能和生态系统服务理念。进一步地,公有的草地产权制度是保障草地多重生态系统服务的法律前提,非牧产业发展是实现草地多重功能的经济基础,精细的行政管理是实现草地生产生态平衡的技术保障,多种利益主体参与是实现草地管理制度改革的活力来源。美国草地管理制度发展的曲折反复,也说明了生态管理政策的失效和调整,禁牧和监管强度的张弛反复,不同利益集团的矛盾诉求和博弈消长,都是草地治理中的正常情况。我国草地治理也可能经历复杂曲折的过程。在下一阶段,草地产权的优化、行政管理的精细化、牧民利益和生态保育目标的协调,是实现我国草地可持续治理的核心要务。     

Analysis of landscape pattern change trajectories within areas of intensive agricultural use: case study in a watershed of southern Québec, Canada

This study aimed at capturing the spatial variability of landscape patterns and their trajectories of change from 1950 to 2000 within a watershed, which is representative of areas of intensive agricultural use. After an analysis of landscape features changes for the entire watershed based on aerial photographs, hierarchical clustering analysis provided a typology of landscape patterns for the cadastral lots. Following that, the trajectory of change of each lot was characterized (nature, importance, direction, rate of change). Seven types of landscape patterns are distinguished by the relative importance of different classes of landscape features and 51 trajectories of change were identified for the lots. The analysis shows that although the majority of lots were subjected to a homogenization of their landscape patterns since 1950, this trend is not entirely uniform and that since 2000 it occurs alongside trends towards diversification of certain landscape features on some lots. Furthermore, nearly a third of the lots are not following the main trajectories of change detected. Thus, the results suggest that extrinsic forces (policies, technologies) that are directing main changes in areas of intensive agricultural use toward uniformity could be modulated by internal forces (uses and values of the population). A better understanding of theses internal forces seems crucial to manage landscapes. From a methodology standpoint, although the hierarchical clustering analyses appear useful for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of landscape patterns, particular attention must be given to validating the typology chosen to characterize them.     

东洞庭湖湿地水鸟群落季节动态格局

为了对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类的继续研究提供数据和理论依据,2005年7月~2006年12月采用样方法和样线法对该湿地水鸟进行了调查,共记录到水鸟89种,并对其季节动态格局进行了研究分析,结果表明,全年水鸟种类和数量均是冬季多,夏季少,特别是数量波动有明显的冬季高峰期和夏季低谷期,季节差异非常显著。     

气候变暖背景下祁连山区对流云变化特征分析

利用祁连山区及其周边29个地面气象观测站1961-2000年的云状和气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、相关分析、多项式拟合和墨西哥帽小波分析等方法,分析了祁连山区对流云出现频率的分布及其年代际变化特征,并探讨了与气温变化的关系。结果表明:祁连山区对流云出现频率明显高于河西走廊和柴达木盆地;近40年来,祁连山区增温1.3℃,增温率达0.32℃/10a,自20世纪80年代中期之后,气温上升趋势极为明显;祁连山区对流云的出现频率近40年来减少了近10%,与同期祁连山区显著增温相对应,20世纪80年代中期以后对流云的出现频率呈明显的下降趋势;小波分析表明,在30年以上的时间尺度上,祁连山区气温和对流云出现频率基本为反位相变化。在15、10和5年尺度上,气温和对流云出现频率在20世纪80年代以前为反位相结构,而自80年代以后,呈现出同位相变化结构;祁连山区对流出现频率与气温为显著的负相关关系,在平均气温升高1℃的情况下,祁连山及其周围地区对流云出现频率一致为减少,绝大部地方减少2%～5%,祁连山中部减少最多,减少4%～5.7%。     

O型口蹄疫疫苗免疫牛抗体消长动态的LPB-ELISA检测

分别按一次免疫、首免后第15d加强免疫和首免后第60d加强免疫程序，对3组试验牛（每组牛20头）用O型口蹄疫疫苗进行了免疫。免疫后不同时间点用液相阻断ELISA（LPB-ELISA）测定了免疫牛O型口蹄疫抗体效价。结果，首免后第15d加强免疫牛和第60d加强免疫牛抗体水平较高，50％保护牛所占比例分别为56．3％和63．1％，完全受保护的牛所占比例分别为34．3％和29．5％。第60d加强免疫牛的保护率要高于第15d加强免疫牛和一次免疫牛的保护率。结果表明，首免后第60d加强免疫是最理想的免疫程序。