“4.24”民勤特强沙尘暴过程初步分析

特强沙尘暴是干旱区一种破坏性极大的灾害性天气现象,文中分析了2010年4月24日民勤特强沙尘暴过程中地面气象要素和近地面沙尘浓度的变化,同时对大气动力、热力学参数进行了计算和分析。结果表明:在强沙尘暴过境时地面水平风风向经历了从稳定到多次调整,再到稳定,最后崩溃的演变。风向调整时,风速减弱,而调整之后,风速加大,同时伴有很强的上升气流。强沙尘暴使地表发生非常严重的风蚀起沙现象,近地面沙尘浓度迅速升高200多倍。沙尘暴天气来临前,地面空气呈干热状态处于低气压控制之下,而在沙尘暴过境时和过境后,地面空气显得相对湿冷,地面气压急剧上升,并处于高压控制之下。沙尘暴的强度与相对风暴螺旋度有很好的对应关系。     

Relationship between thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and summer dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin,China

The dust storm is the most important and frequent meteorological disaster over Tarim Basin,which causes huge damages on local social economics.How to predict the springtime and summertime dust storm occurrence has become a hot issue for meteorologists.This paper employed the data of dust storm frequency and 10-m wind velocity at 35 stations over Tarim Basin and the reanalysis data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) during 1961-2007 to study the relationship between dust storm frequency(DSF) in summer over Tarim Basin and the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May by using the statistical methods,such as Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF),correlation and binomial moving average.The results show when negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies in its southern region are present along 30°N(the second mode of surface temperature anomalies by EOF decomposition) in May,the time coefficient(PC2) plays an important role in summer DSF variation and has a close relation with the summer DSF at both inter-annual and decadal time scales.When negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies are present in its southern region(PC2 in positive phase),there is an anomalous anticyclone in North China,which weakens the northwest wind and is not beneficial for cold air moving from high latitude to the Tarim Basin,and the circulation pattern is hard to result in dust storm weather.Furthermore,the sea level pressure(SLP) increased over Tarim Basin and the direction of SLP gradient reversed,which resulted in the 10-m wind velocity slowing down,so the DSF decreased.From above all,it can be conclude that the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May has important effects on the summertime dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin and the PC2 can be used as a prediction factor for the summertime dust storm occurrence.     

森得保林间喷粉防治柳杉毛虫药效试验

采用5种不同浓度的森得保生物农药林间喷粉防治柳杉毛虫试验,结果表明：森得保：轻质碳酸钙为1：15、1：20的配比浓度,既经济又有效,林间杀虫效果分别为95．42％、91．97％,建议在生产中推广应用。     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

弧型齿残膜捡拾滚筒捡膜的机理

对弧型齿残膜清理滚筒捡膜齿的轴向排列、滚筒转速、捡膜齿运动轨迹和各相关参数进行分析研究,初步找出弧型捡膜齿满足要求的排列布置、滚筒转速和合理的入土深度,确定了残膜回收机具的运动参数λ范围,为残膜清理滚筒的设计提供了理论依据。试验表明,所设计的残膜回收机具运动参数是合理的,在保证膜土分离效果好和较高残膜捡拾率的前提下可显著提高工作效率。     

哈尔滨沙尘天气成因及其对城市大气污染的影响

文章从空气动力学和天气学角度出发探讨了大风、对流层低层的强烈垂直不稳定及高、低空急流对哈尔滨沙尘天气做出的贡献,分析了沙尘天气时城市大气中几种主要污染物变化情况。研究表明,哈尔滨的沙尘天气主要来源是内蒙古中部的沙地,但近年也常出现本地沙源引起的沙尘天气;沙尘天气期间,城市大气中的可吸入颗粒物浓度出现异常,其浓度变化和沙尘天气具有同步性特征;沙尘天气期间,SO2含量呈明显减弱趋势;NO2污染物的浓度变化则表现较平稳。     

Demonstration of inflammatory cell population changes in rat lungs in response to intratracheal instillation of spring wheat dust using lung enzymatic digestion and centrifugal elutriation

The inhalation of grain dust by grain workers is responsible for a large number of pulmonary pathophysiologies. These problems may be acute or chronic and may be mediated by the chronic activation of the immune system. Constant inflammatory states in the lung may eventually lead to tissue damage and respiratory deficit. This study was designed to measure the changes in the relative number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar spaces, and lung interstitium that occur in response to intratracheally instilled airborne spring wheat dust in rats. It was found that 6h after instillation with dust, neutrophils were present in greater numbers in the blood and bronchoalveolar spaces than in lung interstitium. After 24h, there appeared to be a larger number of neutrophils in the lung interstitium in dust-instilled animals than in saline-instilled controls. These results indicate that intratracheal instillation of grain dust initiates an acute inflammatory reaction, and that there is an initial influx of neutrophils into the air spaces of the lung followed by transit of these cells into the lung interstitium.     

热处理材的铣削加工性能分析

考察热处理对木材机械加工性能的影响,为优化热处理材的加工工艺提供借鉴,在本试验确定的加工参数条件下,对热处理柞木进行了铣削加工。试验结果表明,相比对照材,铣削加工热处理材时刀体的温度更低,在加工过程中排放的较小粒径粉尘的比例增加,热处理材加工面的粗糙度与对照材并没有显著差异。     

黄土高原沙尘暴时空分布格局及变化趋势分析

研究了黄土高原地区沙尘暴的时空分布格局和变化趋势,主要的工作包括利用黄土高原地区253个旗县市气象站20世纪50年代至1984年沙尘暴的多年平均值做空间插值,结合遥感影像,分析了沙尘暴的空间分布格局,呈现出从西北向东南先增多后减少,北多南少的分布。利用1961-2000年沙尘暴记录分析了沙尘暴年内的季节分布,发现沙尘暴主要发生在春季,尤其是4月。最后,对40 a间沙尘暴进行了趋势分析,发现该区沙尘暴有明显的减少趋势,在1984年发生了明显转折,这种减少趋势在空间上不具有明显差异。     

从沙尘天气谈经济林与生态效益农业

近几年由于气候的异常变化,沙尘天气的频繁出现,导致生态环境不断恶化,引起了各级政府部门的高度重视。笔者对沙尘的成因和演变进行了初步探讨,并针对辽西地区特定的环境气候条件,提出了以最短的时间、最快的速度,即"经济林与牧草间作,发展畜牧业"的"双效"模式,最终达到改变生态环境,减少风沙的目的。