农机化发展现状及对策

农业国民经济的基础。国家经济发展水平越高,对农业的扶持力度也越大,这是社会发展趋势。我国作为一农业大国,农业综合生产能力对于国家整个经济的发展影响巨大。文章立足于新农村的建设,在分析我国农机化发展现状及存在问题的基础上,提出如何提高农机化水平的具体措施。     

枣花发育过程中糖类物质的分布与变化

以壶瓶枣为试材,通过组织学制片,运用PAS-苏木精复染和汞-溴酚蓝法对材料进行染色,用显微镜观察了花芽形态分化过程及其花器官中的糖类物质分布。结果表明,从枣吊萌动到花开,淀粉粒在各个分生组织分裂最旺盛的细胞中逐渐积累;随着花器官的发育,在萼片中形成囊状特化大细胞,到花粉粒成熟时布满萼片、花瓣和花托,标志着糖类物质积累达到高峰;但是当花开时,这些囊状特化大细胞中的糖类物质消失,变成空腔。     

Chloroacetic acids—Degradation intermediates of organic matter in forest soil

Chloroacetic acids (CAA), especially trichloroacetic acid (TCA), were considered phytotoxic secondary air pollutants of anthropogenic origin affecting conifers and were therefore intensively studied. However, another source of CAA has been then found: a forest soil in which humic substances are degraded by microbial processes to CAA and chloroform. This new aspect—formation of CAA in the soil—means that CAA are continuously produced and also biodegraded by other microorganisms in the soil and contribute thereby to the degradation of soil organic matter (SOM). Here we show for the first time the formation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and TCA in the forest soil by chlorination of SOM using ³⁶Cl labeled chloride. We suggest that CAA are both formed and biodegraded in the forest soil and thus represent intermediates in one of the processes of SOM decay.     

Significance of Enzyme Activities in Soil Nitrogen Mineralization

This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils treated with eight lime application rates, with four field replications, and the activities of six amidohydrolases involved in N cycling and four glycosidases involved in carbon (C) cycling in soils. Nitrogen mineralization was studied at 20 or 30 °C for 20 weeks, and with the exception of N‐aceyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase; EC 3.2.1.30) activity, which was assayed at both temperatures, the enzyme activities were assayed at 30 °C at their optimal pH values. Results showed that among the eight enzyme activities studied, NAGase activity was the most significantly correlated with the cumulative amounts of N mineralized in 32 soil samples at 20 °C (r = 0.87***) and at 30 °C (r = 0.95***). The cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C were also significantly correlated with arylamidase and L‐aspartase activities, with r values of 0.61*** and 0.52**, respectively. Because NAGase activity is involved in both N and C cycling, the cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C were also significantly correlated with the activities of β‐glucosidase (r = 0.80***) and β‐galactosidase (r = 0.58***). Activities of other N enzymes that were significantly correlated with the cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C in 20 weeks were those of L‐asparaginase (r = 0.61***), urease (r = 0.57***), amidase (r = 0.54**), and L‐glutaminase (r = 0.41*). It seems that the activity of NAGase can be used as an index of N mineralization in soils.     

微肥亚硒酸钠对白肋烟TSNA水平的影响

对白肋烟品种TN86进行喷施不同浓度的微肥亚硒酸钠 ,然后分别进行杀青烘干和自然晾晒调制处理 ,最后分析测定其不同部位叶片的TSNA含量。结果表明 :自然晾晒调制处理的叶片TSNA含量远高于杀青烘干调制处理的叶片 ;对于自然晾晒调制处理的叶片 ,当微肥浓度为 10 μg/ml时 ,其上、中、下部烟叶的TSNA水平均有所提高 ,随着微肥浓度的增加 ,其TSNA水平逐渐降低 ;当微肥浓度增加到 40 μg/ml时 ,其TSNA水平达到最低 ,以后逐渐平稳。对于经过杀青烘干处理的叶片 ,当微肥浓度为 10 μg/ml时上、中部白肋烟烟叶的总TSNA含量分别降低了 5 2 %和 3 7% ,随着微肥浓度的提高 ,变化趋于平缓 ;对下部叶来说 ,喷施微肥浓度在 10～ 40 μg/ml范围内 ,其TSNA总量呈显著上升趋势 ;当喷施浓度≥ 40 μg/ml时 ,TSNA含量又逐步降低。     

果园发展水平遥感动态监测与预测

应用遥感技术，对地处南亚热带的福州建新的果园发展进行长达２０年的监测和预报．结果表明，采用遥感技术与结合地面动态监测网调查资料，所获取的果园发展水平的动态信息数据可靠，方法可行．     

有毒气体大气扩散特点·数学模型及其伤害浓度作用时间分析

结合有毒气体的泄漏特点及有毒气体的理化特性,进行了有毒气体的大气扩散数学模型及扩散后形成的伤害浓度与作用时间分析。     

贵州省主要自育杂交水稻超高产潜力研究

[目的]为提高水稻的单产水平提供理论依据。[方法]以水稻品种黔优88、益农1号和黔南优2058、Ⅱ优838（对照）为供试材料，研究了不同品种的高产特性。[结果]黔优88、益农1号和黔南优2058的产量分别为12990．0、12823．5和12460．5kg／hm^2，分别比对照Ⅱ优838增产20．0％、18．5％和15．1％。与对照Ⅱ优838相比，黔优88、益农1号和黔南优2058的有效穗增加15．1％、24．5％和3．5％；千粒重分别高2．7％、4．2％和11．4％；总颖花数分别增加10．5％、11．7％和8．3％，生物产量分别高187．0、98．0和220．0g/m^2。黔优88和益农1号库容量分别比Ⅱ优838大13．4％和16．4％。上述3个品种的干物质生产优势表现在中期和后期。[结论]黔优88、益农1号和黔南优2058的平均产量达到12757．5kg／hm^2。     

辽宁省地下水盈亏现状

辽宁省水资源贫乏(年人均885米~3)。由于人口的迅速增长和工农业的迅速发展,国民经济各部门对水的需求量越来越大,对地下水的需求量一直在不断增长,以致引起局部地区地下水超采,并在沈阳、辽阳、鞍山和大连等地出现地下水位下降、永久性地下水漏斗形成、含水层部分疏干以及海水内侵等一系列生态环境问题。