解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效及菌剂载体筛选

旨在对解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58在水稻纹枯病上的盆栽防治效果和最佳菌剂载体进行研究,明确其应用前景。采用盆栽试验测定GB58对水稻纹枯病的病斑高率和在水稻上的定殖能力,测定GB58在菌剂固定载体的吸附能力和吸附稳定性。盆栽试验结果表明,GB58在水稻病株上有良好的定殖效果,定殖数最大达到2.22×10⁷ cfu/g。与喷施井冈霉素处理相比,GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效在病害发生后20、40天分别显著提高了20%、24%。GB58在固体菌剂吸附载体的研究表明：结合菌体吸附量、存活率和抑菌活性进行分析,有机载体吸附效果好于无机载体;同时综合考虑应用价值,选择玉米粉、有机肥为菌剂吸附载体较好。GB58对水稻纹枯病具有较好的生防效果。采用玉米粉和有机肥作为固体菌剂吸附载体,具有经济、高效的特点,有较大的应用价值与开发潜力。     

特色传统食品大咯馇腐败菌分离及保鲜剂的筛选

分离和纯化了导致大咯馇腐败的主要微生物,并作为优选天然复合保鲜剂的供试菌。对大咯馇的初始菌相进行了分析比较,确定各种腐败菌的分离率为:细菌为96.83%,霉菌为3.16%,初步分离优势腐败细菌1株,并用最大浓度保鲜液对优势腐败菌在平板上进行了抑菌性试验,抑菌圈为3.70cm,效果显著。对保鲜剂的单一成分及浓度进行正交试验,筛选出复合保鲜剂的最佳配比为T1,T2,T3的质量分数分别为5.0%,0.4%,1.0%。     

恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉腐败菌的抑制作用研究

以生长菌落数为评价指标,研究恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉的防腐效果;采用稀释平板法分离纯化和16S rDNA测序技术鉴定导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌;运用滤纸片法测试恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌的抑菌活性;通过测定恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌生长曲线、导电率及生物大分子含量的影响研究其抑菌机理。结果表明:在储藏15 d内,30 mg·mL-1恩施藤茶乙醇提取物能完全抑制高温煮熟鱼肉中细菌生长;分离、鉴定了2株导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌Bacillus methylotrophicus T-10、Alcaligenes faecalis T-9;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对这2株腐败菌具有中敏抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径:10~20 mm),其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为16.0 mg·mL-1和20.0 mg·mL-1;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物通过破坏菌体细胞膜的完整性,致使生物大分子物质外溢而发挥抑菌作用。     

植物提取物在葡萄保鲜中的应用研究进展

植物种类繁多,含有多样性的化学成分,一些特定的化合物如酮类、萜类等可抑制微生物的生长,并且植物提取物保鲜成本低、安全性高、副作用小,具有良好的抗菌价值,对葡萄保鲜具有重要意义。论述了应用于葡萄保鲜的植物种类及其提取物保鲜作用机理、植物提取物对葡萄采后病原菌的抑制作用及其提取和应用方法,展望了植物提取物在葡萄保鲜方面的应用前景及研究方向。     

石榴发酵酸乳研制

将石榴汁引入酸奶中,研制富含保健功效石榴发酵酸乳.最佳工艺条件为石榴汁与牛奶配比1:5,砂糖加入量为8.0%,CMC添加量为0.06%.     

从多毛野生番茄中初步鉴定出一个抗美洲斑潜蝇的显性基因

美洲斑潜蝇(LiriomyzasativaeBlandchard)是危害番茄生产的主要害虫之一,从番茄近缘野生种中挖掘优异的抗斑潜蝇基因,并研究抗虫基因的遗传,是番茄抗虫遗传改良的重要基础。将筛选到的高抗美洲斑潜蝇的野生多毛番茄(L.hirsutum)材料LA2329,与高感美洲斑潜蝇栽培番茄早粉2号杂交,并用早粉2号为母本与杂种F1回交,通过对各世代抗斑潜蝇的人工接种鉴定,初步判定该抗性由单显性基因控制。番茄属中由单显性基因控制的对斑潜蝇抗性,目前尚未见报道。该抗性基因的发现,将为今后番茄抗斑潜蝇育种提供宝贵资源,有望在不远的将来通过标记辅助育种手段而引入栽培番茄,为我国番茄生产中害虫的防治提供环保、经济而有效的科技支撑。     

小麦抗穗发芽机理研究现状

为了及时了解小麦抗穗发芽机制,加快我国小麦抗穗发芽品种选育进程。以影响穗发芽的主要因素α-淀粉酶为切入点,对影响α-淀粉酶活性的调控因子α-淀粉酶抑制剂和硫氧还蛋白h在小麦中的分布、作用性质、生物学功能及抗穗发芽解决途径进行了介绍。并结合自己的研究工作,认为利用基因工程技术导入反义Trxs基因是解决穗发芽的一条行之有效的途径。     

Chitosan as a wall material for a microencapsulated delivery system for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae

Chitosan has been widely accepted as a wall material for preparing microcapsules of various purposes in human medicine. The possibility of using chitosan as a wall material for microencapsulating nutrients and drugs for aquaculture purposes, specifically to Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae was evaluated in this study. Two types of chitosan-coated microcapsules were prepared using either acetone (MEC-A) or NaOH (MEC-N) as the cross-linking agents. They were compared with a microbound diet relative to total leaching of nutrients and free amino acids (FAA). Among the microcapsules, MEC-N showed the lowest level of total leaching of nutrients (23.3%) during 5 h of immersion in seawater and released 65% FAA after 60 min. During laboratory trials, 75% larvae had accepted the MEC-N capsule. The results of the study suggest that chitosan can be used as a wall material for preparing microcapsules to deliver drugs and nutrients to M. rosenbergii larvae.     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

Naturally occurring bacteraemia in American lobsters, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound

The health status of the American lobster, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound (LIS) has been in decline, with seasonal mortality events occurring since 1998. In order to assess the potential effects of environmental conditions on lobster health via haemolymph analysis, lobsters collected from various sites in LIS were examined and sampled while concurrent environmental data (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were recorded. The pH of the haemolymph of each lobster was tested, followed by a collection of haemolymph for serum biochemistry analysis and bacterial culture. This report focuses on the results of the bacterial sampling. The majority of bacteria cultured were opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the environment, including some that are associated with sewage and pollution. The prevalence of bacteraemia was correlated with the site of collection, the month in which the lobsters were sampled, and water temperature.