Effects of dietary L-threonine levels on antioxidant capacity,digestive enzyme activities,and antibody production of Xinyang green-shell laying hens

Xinyang green-shell laying hens (n = 720), 32 wk of age were allocated to 5 dietary treatments groups, each of which included 6 replicates of 24 hens. The control group was given a basal corn-peanut-soybean meal diet containing 0.47% L-threonine (L-Thr). L-Thr levels of the experimental groups were 0.57, 0.67, 0.77, and 0.87%, respectively. The trial lasted 10 wk. Serum concentrations of total superoxide dismutases (T-SOD) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) were maximized at 0.67% L-Thr group. The 0.57% L-Thr group had the highest serum total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), while the 0.67% L-Thr group had the lowest serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Hens fed 0.67% L-Thr of the diet resulted in the highest SOD and T-AOC levels in the liver. The activity of amylase and lipase in the jejunum was maximized at 0.77% L-Thr level. Hens fed 0.77% L-Thr in the diet resulted in the highest IgM and IgG levels in the jejunum. In conclusion, we suggest that a L-Thr level above 0.67% may have had an antioxidant capacity and positive effect on digestive enzyme activities and antibody production in the jejunum of Xinyang green-shell laying hens.     

普安银鲫胚胎发育过程消化酶活性变化研究

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了普安银鲫(Carassius auratus)未受精卵与受精卵及胚胎发育过程中消化酶活性及其变化。结果显示,受精卵与未受精卵相比,5种酶活力均高于未受精卵,未受精卵与受精卵消化酶活力顺序均为:淀粉酶>胰蛋白酶>脂肪酶>胃蛋白酶>纤维素酶。胚胎发育不同时期,5种消化酶各自出现不同的变化模式,淀粉酶活力呈波浪式下降趋势,胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶、纤维素酶活力均呈升高趋势。     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响

以体质量(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示,克氏原螯虾幼虾的终末体质量随着养殖密度的增大而减小。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随着养殖密度的增大表现出减小趋势,纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力在5种养殖密度下变化规律不显著(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾体内水分含量在5种养殖密度下差异较小(P>0.05);粗蛋白含量随养殖密度的升高呈增高趋势,由54.02%增高至60.75%(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量不断减少(P<0.05),由26.19%减少至19.19%(P<0.05)。随着养殖密度的增大,克氏原螯虾幼虾肌肉葡萄糖的含量呈下降趋势(P<0.05),甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和胆固醇含量呈不断增多趋势(P<0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾肝胰腺葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白和尿素氮含量随着养殖密度的增大呈不断增多趋势。结果表明,高密度养殖对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长和消化酶活力具有一定负面影响,体内蛋白、脂肪、葡萄糖和尿素氮等物质的含量也随着养殖密度的增大而发生变化。     

Nile tilapia broodfish fed high‐protein diets: Digestive enzymes in eggs and larvae

The aim of this study was to assess the activity of gastric, pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes during the embryonic and larval development of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) GIFT strain Aqua America^® 1 obtained from a broodstock fed two levels of crude protein (CP). A total of 72 females and 24 males, 10 hapas, two CP levels (32% and 38%) and six phases of embryonic (cleavage, blastula, gastrula) and larval (hatching, 7 and 10 days post hatch, dph) stages were used. The eggs were collected in cleavage, blastula and gastrula stages, 300 mg was collected, and kept in cryogenic tubes in liquid nitrogen. For the samples at larval stage, the remaining eggs were separated according to crude protein level and kept in hatcheries and samples were collected on 7 and 10 dph the same way as before. A total of 48 samples were collected: at each protein level (32% and 38% CP), four samples were collected in each phase of embryonic and larval development. Statistical differences were not observed during embryonic development for acid proteases, trypsin, amylase and lipase activity at both levels of crude protein (32 and 38% CP). Differences for acid proteases were noticed on 7 dph; trypsin and amylase on 7 dph and 10 dph. Significant differences on blastula and 7 dph for protease; as for aminopeptidase, there was significant difference on 7 dph. The data indicated early appearance of digestive enzymes in Nile tilapia broodfish receiving 32% CP taking into account the rapid growth and development of this species.     

Study on the adaptability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to diets from the perspective of digestion and absorption

As an ecologically sustainable aquaculture mode, the rice‐fish approach has been paid more attention in recent years. In rice paddies, there are plant and animal diet items available to fish, but it is not clear how common carp adapt to different diets. In view of this, common carp (initial weight 492.6 ± 30 g, n = 270) were randomly divided into three groups and fed with earthworms (group A), earthworms + duckweed (group M) and duckweed (group P) respectively. After 8 weeks under these feeding regimes, the intestinal digestive enzymes activities were assayed, and intestinal tissue sections stained with HE and AB‐PAS were used to observe the morphology. The results showed that the activities of trypsin and lipase were highest in group A, followed by group M and group P. Group A had greater intestinal fold height, fold width and fold absorption area than the other groups (p < .05), especially in the foregut. Meanwhile, the total number of mucous cells was largest in group P, followed by the groups M and A. Totally, activities and distributions of digestive enzymes, fold height, fold width, fold absorption area and number and distribution of mucous cells of common carp were affected by the type of diet. Based on these results, it was found that common carp has strong adaptability to diets, and it was speculated that the majority of digestion and absorption of protein was concentrated in the foregut, while for starch and cellulose, it was spread out along the whole intestine.     

生长适温下马氏珠母贝黄壳色选系 F1与养殖群体消化酶活力的比较

2006年4月,从流沙港马氏珠母贝养殖群体中挑选11个纯黄壳色个体为繁殖群体建立了马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)黄壳色选系F1(SG1)。同时,随机选取养殖群体中50个个体作为繁殖群体建立了对照组(CG)。2007年10月,从2个组分别选取相同规格的个体,比较了生长适温(15～30℃)下2个组的消化酶活力。结果表明:(1)马氏珠母贝肝胰脏中具有淀粉酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活力,在15～30℃条件下,三者活力由高到低依次为淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶。(2)在15～30℃范围内,马氏珠母贝淀粉酶活力随温度升高先上升再下降,在温度25℃时达到最大值;SG1组和CG组淀粉酶活力变化范围分别为3.51～5.09μg·min-1·mg-1和2.53～4.04μg·min-1·mg-1;各反应温度下,SG1组淀粉酶活力均高于CG组,在15℃和20℃时,二者差异显著(P0.05)。(3)在15～30℃范围内,马氏珠母贝纤维素酶活力随温度上升而上升,在温度30℃时达到最大值;SG1组和CG组纤维素酶活力变化范围为(2.44～3.22)μg·min-1·mg-1和(2.07～3.12)μg·min-1·mg-1;各实验温度下,SG1组纤维素酶活力均高于CG组,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。(4)在15～30℃范围内,马氏珠母贝蛋白酶活力随温度上升而升高,在温度30℃时达到最大值;SG1组和CG组蛋白酶活力变化范围为(0.075～0.296)μg·min-1·mg-1和(0.067～0.455)μg·min-1·mg-1。在15℃时,SG1组蛋白酶活力大于对照组,差异不显著(P0.05);在20℃、25℃、30℃时,CG组蛋白酶活力显著大于SG1组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,经过一代壳色选育后黄壳色选系与对照组的消化生理指标存在明显差异,为马氏珠母贝的黄壳色系进一步选育提供依据。     

不同添加剂对松辽黑猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

选择约19 kg的松辽黑猪32头,按公母各半分为4组,每组8头,对照组饲喂抗生素日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂复合酶制剂、微生态制剂和中草药制剂。采用Cr2O3指示剂法进行消化试验,测定了4种不同添加剂日粮对松辽黑猪主要营养成分消化利用率的影响,并进行了屠宰试验以及肉质测定。结果表明:试验前期对照组各种养分消化率显著优于试验组,后期酶制剂组各种养分消化率较高,中草药制剂组与对照组相比活体的背膘厚度显著降低,pH24微生态制剂组肉质显著高于其它3组。     

不同营养类型日粮添加外源酶对断奶仔兔内源消化酶活性的影响

选择35日龄的断奶仔兔40只,随机分成4组,每组10只。日粮营养分为3个类型,即标准型(粗蛋白17%,粗纤维12%)、低蛋白型(粗蛋白15.5%,粗纤维12%)和高纤维型(粗蛋白17%,粗纤维13.5%),3种日粮添加国产兔用复合酶,以标准营养(空白)作为对照。结果表明:采用加酶日粮可使十二指肠、空肠淀粉酶活性略有提高,但无显著影响,而盲肠淀粉酶活性有不同程度的下降趋势,标准型日粮组空肠淀粉酶活性比对照提高27.59%,差异显著(P<0.05)。加酶日粮组幼兔空肠、盲肠的胰蛋白酶活性呈升高趋势。外源酶可显著增强幼兔盲肠食糜的纤维素酶活性,盲肠纤维素酶活性显著高于十二指肠,标准和低蛋白型日粮条件下,盲肠纤维素酶活性比对照有显著提高(P<0.05)。加酶日粮幼兔空肠、盲肠乳糖酶活性呈升高趋势,但无显著影响。不同类型日粮对肠道酶活性没有显著影响。     

四溴联苯醚对菲律宾蛤仔组织解毒代谢基因表达的影响

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)样本壳高(2.76±0.18)cm,壳长(4.11±0.22)cm;四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)梯度设置为0.25、6.25μg/L,以海水组为对照,取样测定时间为0、1、3、6、10、15和21 d。结果表明:BDE-47对菲律宾蛤仔鳃丝和消化盲囊AhR、CYP4、GST-pi和Pgp mRNA表达影响显著(P<0.05),而对照组无明显变化。在实验时间内,各处理组鳃丝和消化盲囊AhR基因表达呈峰值变化,分别于第6天、第1天时达到最大值和最小值,然后恢复至对照组水平;各处理组组织CYP4和GST-pi基因表达均呈峰值变化,分别于第3天、第1天达到最小值和最大值,其中消化盲囊CYP4基因表达在3 d后保持稳定,且被显著抑制,而组织GST-pi基因表达则在6d后趋于稳定,0.25、6.25μg/L处理组表现为高于和低于对照组水平;各处理组鳃Pgp基因表达在实验时间内呈峰值变化,分别于第1天、第10天达到最大值,均显著高于对照组水平,而0.25、6.25μg/L处理组消化盲囊Pgp基因表达在21d内分别呈逐渐升高和峰值变化,6 d后表现为被诱导和抑制。由此可见,菲律宾蛤仔在BDE-47胁迫下组织解毒代谢基因表达均被显著诱导或抑制,其中GST-pi基因在低浓度处理组被诱导,高浓度组被抑制,表现出明显的时间效应性,可作为BDE-47污染评价的生物效应指标。     

饲料淀粉水平对淡水黑鲷生长和消化酶活性的影响

配制5组等蛋白质等脂肪,不同淀粉水平(26%、30%、34%、38%、42%)的饲料,网箱养殖淡水黑鲷(Hephaestus fuliginosus)60 d,初始体重为(4.02±0.11)g,探讨其饲料中淀粉适宜添加量。结果表明,淀粉含量34%组相对增重率和蛋白质效率显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于其它各组(P<0.05);各组间肠道胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),38%和42%组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于26%和30%组(P<0.05);34%组全鱼以及肌肉的粗脂肪含量显著高于26%、30%和42%组(P<0.05),全鱼以及肌肉水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);各组淡水黑鲷脏体比和肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05),42%组肝体比显著高于26%、30%和34%组(P<0.05);各组间成活率无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合实验结果分析,淡水黑鲷饲料中淀粉适宜添加量为34%~38%。