The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.     

AMMI模型在旱地小麦区域试验中的应用

作物品种区域试验中基因型和环境互作现象普遍存在,AMMI模型作为一种分析G×E互作关系的方法,可非常有效的补充现有区域试验分析方法的不足。AMMI模型中双标图和特殊互作效应值Dge的引人,为直观地、定量地估计试点对品种的分辨力及品种对试点的特殊适应性提供了一种非常有效的手段。通过时2001～2002年度黄淮旱地小麦区试结果进行分析,三条显著的主成分轴共解释了82.56％的互作平方和,品种洛旱2号和晋麦47属高产穗产型品种,天95-3产量校高但穗产性差,济旱6001、Q92-3074穗产性好但产量轻低,临旱619、小山211产量低而不穗;从AMMI双标图及互作效应值可看出高产类型品种中,洛旱2号除天水、黄骅、绛县试点外,具有广泛的适应性,天95-3则仅对天水、长武、成县试点有特殊适应性,长6154对铜川、鹤壁、绛县、洛阳有特殊适应性。     

基于近红外光谱的沼液挥发性脂肪酸含量快速检测

挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids,VFA）作为厌氧发酵过程的重要中间产物,其在厌氧反应器中的累积能够反映出产甲烷菌的不活跃状态或厌氧发酵条件的恶化。为了实现对农牧废弃物厌氧发酵进行过程分析和状态监控,将近红外光谱（Near Infrared Spectroscopy,NIRS）与偏最小二乘（Partial Least Squares,PLS）相结合构建玉米秸秆和畜禽粪便厌氧发酵液乙酸、丙酸和总酸含量快速检测模型。将竞争自适应重加权采样法（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS）与遗传模拟退火算法（Genetic Simulated Annealing algorithm,GSA）相结合构建CARS-GSA算法对沼液中的乙酸、丙酸和总酸进行特征波长优选,原始光谱数据1 557个波长点经预处理和波长优选后,得到乙酸、丙酸和总酸特征波长变量分别为135、101和245个,建立的回归模型验证决定系数分别为0.988、0.923和0.886,预测均方根误差（Root Mean Squared Error of Prediction,RMSEP）分别为0.111、0.120和0.727,相对分析误差分别为9.685、3.685和3.484,与全谱建模相比RMSEP分别减少了17.78%、15.49%和1.22%,能够满足农牧废弃物厌氧发酵过程发酵液中乙酸和丙酸含量的快速检测需求,基本满足总酸的检测需求。结果表明,通过构建CARS-GSA算法优选乙酸、丙酸和总酸的敏感波长变量,参与建模的波长点数量显著减少,有效降低了变量维度和模型复杂度,提升了回归模型检测精度和预测能力,为快速准确检测沼液VFA提供了新途径。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化率及乳成分的影响

试验评估不同水平柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响.将32头泌乳性能一致的奶牛随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头.对照组饲喂粗脂肪水平为3％的日粮,处理组分别饲喂粗脂肪水平为5.5％的日粮同时添加0 (T1)、5％(T2)和10％ (T3)柑橘渣.结果 显示,与对照组相比,处理组奶牛的粗脂肪摄入量、干...     

低聚木糖的制备及其对益生菌体外增殖的作用

针对玉米芯微波消解-内切木聚糖酶水解制备低聚木糖的工艺,以低聚木糖的得率为主体评价指标,通过单因素实验时影响低聚木糖得率的微波消解过程和内切木聚糖酶水解过程的因素与水平进行研究,并考察获得的低聚木糖对益生菌的体外增殖作用.结果表明:玉米芯酶法制备低聚木糖的最佳工艺条件为微波处理压力1.6 MPa,微波处理时间5 min,内切木聚糖酶用量140 U·g-1,酶解时间6 h;在最适条件下,玉米芯酶解液中低聚木糖的得率为82.5%,质量浓度为11.02 g·L-1;低聚木糖对益生菌的体外增殖实验表明,低聚木糖添加量在0.2%和0.4%时,分别可以对乳酸杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌起到最好的增殖作用,分别达到311%和183%,添加量进一步提高反而会抑制这2种菌的生长.     

Sulfur content of plant material: A comparison of methods of oxidation prior to determination

Abstract

Procedures for S determination involving digestion of plant material with HNO₃/HClO₄ mixtures gave lower values than those using oxygen flask combustion. Tests on a range of S compounds showed that the HNO₃/HClO₄ procedure underestimated S present in methionine, cysteine and glutathione but S in sulfate and the glucosinolate, sinigrin, was not underestimated.

Low recoveries using HNO₃/HClO₄ digestion procedures can be due both to incomplete oxidation of certain compounds and to gaseous losses during the vigorous boiling stage of digestion.     

周宁县春种马铃薯新品种比较试验

马铃薯新品种中薯3号、紫花851、福克76和福克212在福建周宁试种。从品种的特征特性、晚疫病抗性及鲜薯产量综合分析,4个品种的鲜薯产量均比对照品种克新3号高,对晚疫病抗性均表现高抗或抗病,除了福克76裂薯较多外,其余3个品种的综合性状均表现较好。计划进一步加大对中薯3号、紫花851和福克212的引进力度,加快周宁县马铃薯老品种的更新换代步伐。同时继续引进新品种进行试种,增加农户对新品种的可选择性。     

4种豆科牧草种子对绵羊消化道作用的反应

以4种野生豆科牧草苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroide)、线叶野豌豆(Vicia tenuifolia)、光果甘草(Glycyrrhizae glabrae)、罗马苜蓿(Medicago romanica)种子为研究对象,测定各种子在绵羊消化道作用前后的形态、生物学特性变化以及在绵羊消化道内的运移和排放规律。结果表明,4种种子排放过程均符合高斯模型,且苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草排放峰值均出现在饲喂后24~36h,罗马苜蓿种子排放峰值则出现在18~30h。苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草和罗马苜蓿种子总回收率分别为14.513%、4.463%、10.811%、4.608%,在绵羊消化道内的平均滞留时间分别为36.3、29.6、31.2和31.9h。除苦豆子外,其它3种植物种子在经过消化道后单粒重显著降低(P0.05),4种种子消化后的形状指数较经过消化道前显著减小。经过绵羊消化道后种皮颜色加深,纹理模糊,出现褶皱及明显侵蚀斑。与经过消化道前比较,4种植物种子经过消化道后的发芽率均有显著提高,其中发芽率提高效果最明显的时间段在消化24~48h后。消化道作用可有效打破苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草、罗马苜蓿种子的硬实,4种植物种子均可通过绵羊消化道传播。