日粮不同NDF/NFC水平对周岁后荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷排放的影响

本试验研究了日粮中不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物（NDF/NFC）水平对周岁后荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特征及甲烷产量的影响，并在此基础上建立了甲烷排放预测模型，旨在获得我国生产模型下的甲烷排放规律和甲烷转化因子，为提高奶牛能量利用效率、建立国家或区域性温室气体排放清单和探索减排策略提供科学依据和支撑。将45头体况良好，平均为15月龄的荷斯坦后备奶牛随机分为3组，每组15头牛：低日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.60）、中日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.75）和高日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.90），试验期为70 d，包括14 d的预饲期和56 d的正试期。结果表明：1）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著降低了奶牛的干物质采食量、有机物采食量、平均日增重、干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率（P<0.05）；2）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著增加了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸产量、乙酸的相对含量和乙酸/丙酸比例（P<0.05），显著降低了丙酸的相对含量（P<0.05）；3）随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的提高，瘤胃甲烷和甲烷能产量、甲烷/代谢体重、甲烷/干物质采食量、甲烷/有机物采食量、甲烷/中性洗涤纤维采食量显著提高（P<0.05）。甲烷转化因子也随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的增加而显著提高（P<0.05）；4）基于体重、采食量、营养物质含量和NDF/NFC分别建立了甲烷预测模型，其中基于干物质采食量和中性洗涤纤维采食量建立的预测模型的决定系数最高（R²=0.77）。因此，提高日粮中NDF/NFC水平可显著降低周岁后荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能、营养物质消化率和瘤胃内丙酸的相对含量，可显著提高瘤胃甲烷产量和甲烷转化因子。     

New Grouped Harvesting-Based Population Structures of Cotton

The construction of rational population structures is an important cultivation basis to achieve high yield and quality of cotton. ‘Small-sized plant under high plant density’, ‘moderate-sized plant under moderate plant density’ and ‘large-sized plant under low plant density’ are three types of traditional cotton population structures in China, which have been widely used in China's major cotton planting regions of Northwest inland, Yellow River and Yangtze River valley, respectively, and have played key roles in achieving stable and high yields of cotton in the nation. However, in the new era of cotton industry development, there occur such disadvantages that the traditional population structures are not suitable for grouped harvesting as well as both fiber quality and production efficiency improvements. The exploration of new population structures has become an important approach in the new period of cotton cultivation. In this paper, we concisely reviewed the main features and the disadvantages of traditional population structures. Based on the needs of light and cost-saving cultivation as well as quality improving and efficiency increasing in the new era, it was suggested that constructing 3 new types of population structures adapted to grouped harvesting, ‘reduced plant density with healthy plants’, ‘increased plant density with robust plants’, and ‘direct seeding and close planting with short plants’ to substitute the three traditional structures. On this basis, the key indicators and regulation technologies of the 3 new population structures were mainly discussed, and the future development of the new population structures both in research and practice were also prospected.     

白银市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

为了明确白银市土地利用状况与生态系统服务价值之间的关系,进一步确定白银市各土地利用类型对生态系统的影响程度。本研究选择当量因子法评价白银市2009—2017年土地利用状况、生态系统服务价值以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:（1）2009—2017年,白银市生态系统服务价值总量从56.75亿元下降到56.49亿元,总体呈下降趋势,各项生态系统功能和生态系统服务都呈下降趋势;草地生态系统服务价值减少了2549.18万元,减少最多,人口对生态系统负荷呈减轻趋势;（2）白银市土地利用类型对生态系统服务价值具有较大的影响,主要受建设用地增加较多,草地和林地面积减少影响较大,在以后的发展中,要从保护生态用地、挖掘存量建设用地方面,探索出一条生态优先、绿色发展的新路子。     

Morphological and physiological characteristics of rice leaves in response to PASP-urea and optimized nitrogen management

Polyaspartic acid (PASP)-urea is known to increase crop yield. Field experiments were conducted to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of the leaves between plots treated with urea (conventional urea or PASP-urea) and subject to different nitrogen (N) management methods [farmers’ standard fertilization practice (FFP, two splits) or optimized N management (ONM, four splits)] in Sichuan, China, in 2014 and 2015. A no-added-N plot served as the control. Grain yield was significantly associated with increased number of green leaves, total leaf area, chlorophyll concentration of rice leaves after the heading stage, photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina and accumulated temperature of senescence rate acceleration and deceleration. PASP-urea significantly enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to improve dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle after the heading stage over conventional urea, mainly by increasing the number of green lamina, leaf lamina area, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina, as well as delaying senescence of the flag leaf. Compared with FFP, the ONM substantially improved the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to enhance dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle. Therefore, the ONM is a rational approach to applying PASP-urea that can improve grain yield by improving photosynthetic capacity.     

A trait-based characterization of cover plants to assess their potential to provide a set of ecological services in banana cropping systems

Cover plants are one of the means to increase the functional biodiversity of fields and to enhance the ecological functions of the communities. However, the design of cropping systems including cover plants relies largely on expert knowledge. There is a lack of methods to select the best suited cover plants according to their role in the agrosystem. We propose to use functional traits to select cover plants suited to sustain ecological services in the banana agrosystems of the French West Indies. Our objectives were (i) to characterize a collection of cover plants on a trait basis, according to their potential to provide the services expected in a banana agrosystem and (ii) to discuss the potential use of this characterization for the design of innovative multi-species banana cropping systems. In these systems, four main services are targeted, i.e. controlling weeds, controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, improving soil fertility and particularly N availability, and avoiding competition with banana for resource acquisition. Three experiments were conducted, under field and controlled conditions, to evaluate the potential of a collection of 28 tropical cover plants to achieve the functions related to these services. For each cover plant, a functional profile was constructed from a combination of plant traits that are easy to assess experimentally. It described plants’ potential to achieve the functions expected in a banana agrosystem. Functional profiles required for cover plant usages were also identified. The comparison of the plant functional profiles and the functional profiles required for their usages enabled us to select the best suited plants for each usage. However, these functional profiles rarely corresponded, meaning that a cover plant is rarely sufficient to achieve all the functions required for a usage. Functional complementarities obtained by the mixture of different species of cover plants are thus often required. Compared to classical approaches of innovative cropping system design based on the experimental testing of spatial and temporal plant combinations, such a trait-based approach saves time by focusing on a shortlist of cover plants best suited according to their functions in the agrosystem.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤养分特征—基于生态化学计量学

为探讨黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量特征，本研究以黄土丘陵区典型小麦地、云杉林地、苜蓿地为对象，基于实测数据，采用方差、相关统计分析，研究不同土地类型、不同土层深度（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm）土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其化学计量比。结果表明：3种不同土地类型土壤SOC、TN和TP含量均随土层深度增加而降低，其平均含量分别为12.19、0.33和0.48 g·kg^-1，小麦地和苜蓿地土壤SOC、TN和TP空间变异性较云杉林地偏大。SOC、TN含量为云杉林地>小麦地>苜蓿地，TP含量为云杉林地>苜蓿地>小麦地。土壤SOC、TN和TP间均存在显著正相关关系。小麦地C/P显著（P<0.05）高出苜蓿地41.96%，N/P显著高出云杉林地、苜蓿地28.57%、36.19%。3种不同土地类型土壤化学计量比（C/N、C/P、N/P）均值分别为：39.61、31.53、0.83，且其C/N大于中国平均值（12.3），C/P、N/P较全国平均值（61.0、5.2）明显偏小，黄土丘陵区C/N较稳定。土地类型对土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比存在不同程度的影响，合理调整土地利用结构有助于土壤养分的存留，有利于土壤生态的恢复。     

大学校园不同绿地类型的小气候特征

校园绿地小气候是城市生态环境效益评价的重要内容之一,是广大师生员工学习、工作和生活娱乐的重要场所。为了探明校园不同绿地类型的小气候特征及其对人体舒适度的影响,在广西大学校园内选择密林(A)、疏林(B)和草坪(C)3种植被类型分别建立固定样地,对主要气象要素进行同步观测研究。结果表明:(1)A、B和C日平均太阳辐射能依次为11.7w/m2、39.5 w/m2和177.3 w/m2,其中密林内仅占草坪的6.6%。(2)A、B和C日平均气温依次为24.9℃、25.2℃和25.6℃,其中密林内比草坪低0.7℃。(3)A、B和C日平均地面温度依次为23.8℃、25.2℃和27.9℃,其中密林内比草坪低4.1℃。(4)A、B和C日平均相对湿度依次为91%、89%和88%,其中密林内比草坪高3%(RH)。(5)A、B和C日平均温湿指数依次为24.4、24.5和24.8,其中密林内比草坪低0.4。研究结果初步说明,校园内密林型在白天对太阳辐射的削减、降温、增湿以及对人体舒适作用明显。     

New angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from Coix prolamin and its influence on the gene expression of renin-angiotensin system in vein endothelial cells

Coix seed, which is a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat hypertension for thousands of years. It has been shown that Coix prolamin peptides display high levels of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Hence, we purified the ACE inhibitory peptides from Coix prolamin hydrolysates and evaluated the influence of the most potent peptide on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, Coix prolamin peptides were sequentially separated by ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and RP-HPLC, while the peptide structure was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Next, in silico proteolysis, pharmacophore and molecular docking were further applied to screen and optimize the structure of peptides. Finally, a novel ACE inhibitory peptide VDMF was obtained, in which its influence on the gene expression of RAS signaling pathway in AngⅡ-injury HUVECs was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. VDMF significantly down-regulated ACE, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and ACE2 mRNA expression in comparation with model group, while up-regulating Mas gene expression. Hence, we obtained a novel antihypertensive candidate that was derived from the Coix peptides, which could involve a multi-modulation mechanism that regulates blood pressure.     

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

It is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) in England and Wales made by Bradley et al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils of England and Wales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soil OC was found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all the OC below 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profile OC per unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoil OC stocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoil OC stocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoil OC stocks were changing over time.     

桨式路面清扫机的设计与研究

随着城市道路的迅速增加以及对市容环境要求的不断提升，道路清扫工作越来越凸显其重要性，各式各样的清扫工具也应运而生。简要介绍了现有的清扫设备，并针对其不足，在考虑节能环保的大前提下，设计了一种由现有电动车改装的路面清扫机。该机由电瓶提供动力，结构简单，类似人工扫把清扫路面，将机械操作与人的主动性很好地结合起来，在减轻工人劳动强度的同时，兼顾了制作成本，是一种适合中小型道路清扫的新型设备。