Quantitative PCR monitoring of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics in the field

Quantitative PCR and visual monitoring of Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics were performed to investigate the effect of curative and preventative applications of azoxystrobin in wheat field crops. A non-systemic protectant and a systemic curative fungicide, chlorothalonil and epoxiconazole, respectively, were used as references. PCR diagnosis detected leaf infection by M graminicola 3 weeks before symptom appearance, thereby allowing a clear distinction between curative and preventative treatments. When applied 1 week after the beginning of infection, azoxystrobin curative activity was intermediate between chlorothalonil (low effect) and epoxiconazole. When applied preventatively, none of the fungicides completely prevented leaf infection. There was some indication that azoxystrobin preventative treatments may delay fungal DNA increase more than epoxiconazole at the beginning of leaf infection. Both curative and preventative treatments increased the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Azoxystrobin only slightly decreased the speed of necrotic area increase compared with epoxiconazole. Hence, azoxystrobin activity toward M graminicola mainly resides in lengthening the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Information generated in this way is useful for optimal positioning of azoxystrobin treatments on M graminicola.     

An ecological risk assessment for spinosad use on cotton

Spinosad is a reduced-risk insecticide with a novel mode of action that provides an alternative to older classes of insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. A comprehensive ecological risk assessment for spinosad use in US cotton crops is presented within a framework of tiered levels of refinement following the guidelines of the US EPA for ecological risk assessments. Toxicity information for a variety of species is documented and utilized, environmental concentrations estimated, and risk characterizations in the form of risk quotients are quantified. Results indicate that spinosad use in cotton does not exceed the most conservative Tier I levels of concern (LOC) values for groundwater, mammals and birds or acute risk to aquatic organisms. Use of very conservative Tier I screening methods resulted in exceeding LOC values for chronic exposure for some aquatic organisms, thus prompting further refinement. When the exposure prediction was refined using less conservative, Tier II mechanistic environmental fate transport models to predict offsite transport and environmental concentrations, chronic risk was not predicted for these species. Spinosad is acutely toxic to bees under laboratory conditions, but toxicity of residue studies and field studies indicate that under actual use conditions the impact on bees is minimal.     

Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii in sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia

Ehrlichia canis, E. equi, and E. risticii seroprevalence was determined by microimmunofluorescent antibody testing (IFA) in a sequential population of 1,845 sick dogs admitted during a 1-year period to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. A seroreactor was defined by a reciprocal IFA titer of > or =80 to E. canis, E. equi, or E. risticii antigens. Of the 48 IFA seroreactors, 44 dogs were seroreactive to E. canis, 21 to E. equi, and 0 to E. risticii. Seventeen dogs reacted to both E. canis and E. equi antigens. There was concordance of E. canis IFA and western immunoblot (WI) test results for 36/44 dogs. Because of cross-reactivity of E. canis sera with E. equi antigens, WI was of less utility to confirm E. equi exposure. After elimination of E. canis seroreactors, there was concordance of 2/4 E. equi IFA and WI test results. Based upon a retrospective review of medical records, ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in 10/48 (21%) IFA seroreactive dogs, 9 of which were confirmed positive by WI. Of the remaining 38 IFA seroreactors, 29 also were confirmed by E. canis or E. equi WI. These results indicate that (1) ehrlichiosis was not diagnosed in the majority of serologically confirmed cases, (2) based upon E. canis and E. equi WI analysis, IFA testing was not specific (21% false positive), (3) E. canis sera cross-react with E. equi antigens, and (4) serologic evidence of E. risticii infection was lacking in the dog population studied.     

兽用生物制品的运输、贮存与使用

对兽用生物制品的命名作了概述,并对免疫预防用制品、诊断用制品、治疗用制品的运输、贮存与使用分别进行了阐述,同时对改善我国兽用生物制品的监管提出了建议。     

小麦叶疫病检疫研究

介绍了１９９２￣１９９５年间小麦叶疫病检疫研究的主要结果。研究证实我国局部地区已有叶疫病发生,分离得到了１１个小麦链格孢菌株,并研究了其生物学特性,确定了小麦链格孢的鉴定条件和鉴别标准,发现分生孢子链长度和分枝状况是区分类似种类的主要特征。提出了病株诊断方法和种子带菌的快速检验方法,后者包括吸水纸培养检验法和ＧＬＵＺＡ鉴别性培养基培养检验法,根据研究结果和国外发病动态,提出了有关检疫对策的建议。     

杉木耐瘠薄速生优树子代测定及早期选择

在福建省洋口国有林场,对7年生的杉木耐瘠薄速生优树半同胞子代测定林进行调查和分析测定。参试的各家系间树高、胸径和材积生长量均差异极显著,说明在家系水平上存在明显的分化;从参试的18个家系中选择出23号等5个在瘠薄立地条件下生长表现优良的家系,树高、胸径和材积平均值分别达7.67 m、10.88 cm和0.043 6 m3,与第2代种子园子代相比,其材积现实增益达21.11%,通过这种后向选择所选出的耐瘠薄速生优良家系具有明显的生长优势和耐瘠薄性,可以作为杉木第3代建园材料的补充。     

水泵试验台快速夹紧机构的研制

水泵试验时，泵与管道的联接一般用法兰及螺栓联接，费时长，劳动强度大，自动化水平低。采用无螺栓联接、液压驱动的快速夹紧机构，能节约换件时间、减轻劳动强度、提高自动化水平。用灰铁制造运动副，使机构稳定性高，耐磨损。运动副用燕尾槽形式，运动间隙可调，磨损能够得到补偿。测压管与被夹紧件处于自由状态，密封面能紧密贴合，使密封可靠。该机构噪音小，占用空间少，生产率高。     

基于形式规约的软件测试用例自动生成技术研究

在Hierons提出的一种基于Z语言软件自动测试方法的基础上进行了拓展．该方法基于软件的Z语言规约；以HierOns提出的推理规则为基础，提出了分裂树的算法，将操作模式的约束条件转换为形如ViPi∧Qi的析取范式；然后根据析取范式将Z语言描述的操作模式划分为子操作模式；依据子操作模式的前置条件和后置条件，将子操作模式作为状态转换图的转换关系，构建了被测试软件的状态转换图；依据状态转换图，提出了相应的状态覆盖准则、转换关系覆盖准则和转换关系谓词覆盖准则等测试数据选择准则．     

县级测土施肥化验室建设中存在的问题与建议

我省县级测土施肥化验室建设中或多或少存在一些如选址不当、水电配置不符、质量控制不健全等问题,本文针对这些问题提出搞好实验室标准化设计,从而进行系列化实验、达到一个具有较高技术水平和管理水平的测土施肥化验室。     

数字化木材横纹压缩试验测试系统

以日本岛津公司ＡＧ－１０ＴＡ型木材万能力学试验机（精度可达１‰）及该机配置的力学传感器，绘图记录仪为基础，与自行配置的Ａ／Ｄ转换器，数据采集软件与计算机接口联机，共同构成数字化木材横纹压缩试验测试系统。