降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者脂肪因子及细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者脂肪因子与细胞因子的影响。方法 将糖尿病合并高血压患者100例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组患者行常规西药降糖降压治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上,加用降糖降压汤治疗。治疗4周后,观察两组患者治疗前后血糖、血压、血脂及血浆他扎罗汀诱导基因 2（Chemerin）、血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、脂联素（APN）、脑钠肽（BNP）的变化。结果 观察组总有效率为94%,对照组总有效率为76%,观察组明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗后两组血糖、血压、血清三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、Chemerin、Hcy、BNP较治疗前均明显下降（P<0.05）,且观察组比对照组下降更明显（P<0.05）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、APN较治疗前均有所上升（P<0.05）,且观察组比对照组上升更明显（P<0.05）。结论 降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者的脂肪因子及细胞因子有较好的调节功效及临床疗效,值得临床推广。     

门冬胰岛素30注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察门冬胰岛素30（诺和锐30）注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的效果.方法Ⅱ型糖尿病患者86例,给予生活方式干预,包括健康教育,低热量、低脂肪饮食,中等体力活动,戒烟、限酒,血压高者给予降压等,血脂异常者给予调脂.治疗组给予诺和锐30注射液3餐前皮注（根据血糖监测结果调整胰岛素剂量）,对照组给予诺和灵30R笔芯,早、晚餐前30 min皮注.观察6个月,观察治疗前后患者的FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c及低血糖发生率的变化.结果Ⅱ型糖尿病患者用诺和锐30强化治疗后,FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c等指标均好于对照组,低血糖发生率较对照组减少,P〈0.01,经比较有统计学意义.结论对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者应用诺和锐30强化治疗,血糖平稳,低血糖发生率减低,疗效肯定.     

茶多糖和茶多酚的降血糖作用研究

目的:研究茶多糖、茶多酚对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病SD大鼠的降血糖作用和机制。方法:饲喂SD大鼠茶多糖、茶多酚3周后,观察大鼠血糖、葡萄糖耐量、血胰岛素以及小肠糖降解酶(淀粉酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶)变化。结果:茶多糖、茶多酚都有显著抑制糖尿病大鼠血糖升高的作用;与对照组比较,茶多糖组大鼠血胰岛素水平有显著提高(P<0.05),蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);茶多酚组的血胰岛素水平有升高趋势,小肠各降解酶活力也有下降趋势,但与对照组比较均未达到显著水平。结论:茶多糖对高血糖大鼠有显著的抑制血糖升高的作用,茶多糖的作用机制可能是抑制小肠糖降解酶活性。     

Accuracy of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate measurements for the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis in 116 dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) measurements for the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in dogs. One hundred sixteen diabetic dogs were prospectively enrolled in the study: 18 insulin-treated (IT) diabetic dogs that had a positive urine ketone test and 88 untreated, newly diagnosed diabetic dogs. Venous blood gas tensions and pH, serum glucose and urea nitrogen (SUN), and electrolyte (Na+, Cl-, and K+) and urine acetoacetate (AA) concentrations were measured concurrently with serum beta-OHB concentrations. On the basis of laboratory findings, the patients were assigned to I of 3 groups: diabetic ketoacidosis (n = 43); diabetic ketosis (DK, n = 41); and nonketotic diabetes (NDK, n = 31). Serum beta-OHB concentrations differed significantly (P < .001) among the study groups. Although marked differences in beta-OHB concentrations were found, a considerable overlap exists between the distributions of dogs with DK and those with DKA. The overall accuracy of beta-OHB determination as a diagnostic test for DKA, determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, was 0.92. In the 1.9- to 4.8-mmol/L range, serum beta-OHB determination sensitivity varied from 100 to 35.7%, whereas specificity varied from 39 to 100%. The cutoff value of 3.8 mmol/L showed the best equilibrium between specificity (95%), sensitivity (72%), and likelihood ratio (14.8). We concluded that the quantitative measurement of serum beta-OHB may be a potential tool for diagnosing and monitoring ketosis and ketoacidosis in diabetic dogs.     

胰腺干细胞的研究进展

概述了胰腺干细胞的分布、胰腺的发生、胰腺干细胞的相关标记物以及胰腺干细胞的体外分离培养、增殖、分化等领域的研究进展，并对胰腺干细胞的生物学特征、体外分离培养时遇到的困难等进行了探讨，针对所遇到的困难提出了一些改进意见。     

Effects of Momordica grosvenori Saponins on Type 2 Diabetes Rats Induced by High-sucrose/High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Momordica grosvenori saponins on improving the effect of high-sucrose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats.The type 2 diabetes rat model was established with a high-sucrose and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin.Successfully modeled rats were given the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori (100,200,400 mg/kg) or metformin (268 mg/kg) by gavage,once a day for 4 weeks.Recording the "three more and one less"index (24 h internal urine output,water intake and feed intake,body weight);Detecting of biochemical indicators,analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),insulin (INS),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),alanine aminotransferase (AST),aspartate aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.Compared with the model group,the feed intake,water intake,urine output,blood indicators FBG,INS,MDA,TC,TG,BUN and Cr levels,AST and ALT activities were significantly or extremely significantly decreased in the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori each dose group and metformin group (P<0.05;P<0.01),while CAT,SOD activities and HDL-C level were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).In pancreatic tissue,the number of pancreatic cells was increased significantly,and the pathological damage of the pancreas was significantly reduced. Momordica grosvenori saponins and metformin had obvious effects on improving glucose metabolism disorders,and at the same time could significantly reduce insulin resistance,enhance the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress and improve liver and kidney functions.     

牛磺酸防治糖尿病的最新研究进展

牛磺酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,在大部分动物组织中都存在。牛磺酸具有广泛的生物学效应,是调节机体正常生理功能的重要物质,它在生产中的应用已引起人们的密切关注。作者综述了近几年牛磺酸防治糖尿病的最新试验研究进展。     

Increased expression and possible roles of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in pancreatic islets of STZ-induced diabetic monkeys

AIM: To verify and localize the expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in pancreas of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic monkeys and understand its important role in β-cell destruction in the pathogenesis of diabetes. METHODS: Through an olig-microarray gene chip, NNMT was identified as the most obviously up-regulated genes in pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic monkeys versus controls. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to verify the differential expression at mRNA and protein level respectively. Then the cellular localization of NNMT expression within pancreas was identified by immunohistochemical(IHC) staining.RESULTS: An obvious high expression of NNMT at both mRNA and protein levels was shown in pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic monkeys compared to that of controls. Further localization of the protein by IHC staining in pancreas specimens showed that its altered expression was restricted to central islets, most of which were β cells.CONCLUSION: Expression of NNMT is increased in islets of STZ- induced diabetic monkeys, which infers that NNMT might participate in the process of β cell damage in diabetes probably through the mechanism of energy metabolism disturbance.     

Diabetes mellitus in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Objective To describe a case of diabetes mellitus in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).
Design A case report with controls.
Procedures We describe clinical and laboratory findings in a 6-year-old, free-living, female koala presented with traumatic injury and subsequently found to have polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Over a 5 week period, serum biochemical analyses, haematological examinations, urinal-yses, measurement of serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations, necropsy, histopathological examination of a range of tissues and immunohistochemical examination of the pancreas for insulin-containing cells were done. For reference purposes, serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations were determined in four and two healthy koalas, respectively, and three healthy koalas pancreases were examined histo-logically and immunohistochemically.
Results The koala had persistent hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and glucosuria. Serum insulin concentration of the diabetic koala was only marginally smaller than that of healthy koalas, but all concentrations were smaller than reference concentrations in dogs and people. Fructosamine concentration did not allow the diabetic koala to be distinguished from healthy koalas and concentrations of all koala analytes were greater than expected for healthy dogs and people. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of pancreatic islet cells and fatty infiltration of hepatocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed decreased or absent insulin in the b cells of the affected koala.
Conclusion Clinical signs, clinicopathological results and histopathological changes were consistent with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the condition could not be determined but may have been related to the administration of a parenteral corticosteroid preparation, the stress of capture or tissue damage and inflammation.