A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management

A comprehensive list of freshwater fishes from south‐eastern Australia is classified into five major reproductive guilds, based on numerical analysis of 13 life history or reproductive characteristics. The guilds defined generally support previously proposed, subjective life history‐based classifications of freshwater fish species in this region. The majority of species fell into two groups, with 18 and 19 species, and the remaining guilds each contained from 1 to 12 species. The most important biological characteristics that separated the major groups of species included: care of the eggs or young, the presence of adhesive or non‐adhesive eggs, serial or single spawning, and viviparity. Two of the main guilds could each be divided into two sub‐guilds mainly based upon the requirement for a spawning migration. The objective definition of reproductive guilds allows river and natural resource managers to consider the effects of changes in environmental management on groups of species that are likely to respond in similar ways.     

Decision‐making processes by small‐scale fishermen on the southeast coast of Brazil

Abstract Brazilian shrimp trawlers and gillnetters were compared regarding their decisions concerning effort, processing of fish, time spent fishing and how they are affected by environmental, cultural and economic factors. Landings were recorded over 13 months (n = 424) and comprised mainly sea bob shrimp ‐Xyphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller) (95% of the trawler catch) and weakfish, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt) (30% of the gillnet catch). Catch per Unit of Effort varied across months, and the number of fishing trips per day was explained by wave height for both fisheries (trawlers: r² = 0.4; gillnetters: r² = 0.18). Trawlers spent more time fishing in the winter (H = 11.6; P < 0.05) and gillnetters in the summer (F = 4.1; P < 0.001), a decision that depended on the monetary profit they estimated beforehand or on the loss they had during the closed season. Cultural and economic variables (qualitatively addressed), such as how tedious they considered processing the catch or how much money they needed to make, affected their choice of processing it or not. Trawlers were subjected to taking risky actions, fishing on days when the return is highly variable (r_kg = 0.72; P < 0.001; r_$ = 0.65; P < 0.001). Understanding such processes underpinning fishermen’s actions is essential for management.     

福建省水产品贮藏与加工学科发展现状与趋势

本文总结了福建省水产加工业及水产品贮藏与加工学科发展的现状,在此基础上对比国内外水产加工业发展的情况,分析发展过程中存在的问题,预测水产品贮藏与加工学科发展的趋势及产业的主要走向,并提出福建省水产品贮藏与加工学科未来应重点发展的关键技术。     

Heritability estimates for nutritional quality‐related traits of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas

Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, are the most abundantly harvested shellfish in the world and are ecologically significant. The content of nutrients, including protein, glycogen, lipid, zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se), is important for oyster meat quality, but heritability estimates of such traits have rarely been reported. In this study, 64 full‐sib families were generated using a nested mating design. Finally, 18 full‐sib families, of which there were nine half‐sib families, with each containing 2 full‐sib families, were sampled for heritability estimates. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of glycogen, protein, lipid, Zn, and Se contents were 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.38 ± 0.02, 0.58 ± 0.08, 0.02 ± 0.02, and 0, respectively. Negative genetic correlations existed between both glycogen and protein content (?0.95 ± 0.004) and between lipid and protein content (?0.59 ± 0.05), whereas a positive correlation was observed between lipid and glycogen content (0.16 ± 0.06). Weak genetic and phenotypical correlations (r = 0–0.2) were observed between shell height and nutritional quality traits. These data demonstrated that glycogen, protein, and lipid content can be chosen in a selective breeding program, but glycogen and lipids cannot be selected together with protein. Furthermore, performing indirect selective breeding for quality traits by selecting traits related to growth is impossible. This study provides information for the development of breeding strategies for oyster quality traits.     

迈向远海的中国水产养殖：机遇、挑战和发展策略

根据中国国情对海上养殖和深远海养殖装备进行了分类、比较,并综述了中国近海和远海养殖特别是深远海养殖发展面临的机遇、挑战和发展策略。海上养殖可分为近岸养殖、离岸养殖、远海养殖和深远海养殖四类,前二者可合称为近海养殖。深远海养殖或称装备型远海养殖特指具有钢架结构和自动投饲系统等,可抵御或躲避强台风的远海养殖方式。深远海养殖装备包括远海围栏、复合式钢构网箱(包括半潜式和全潜式)、船形网箱(包括有动力和无动力)和海基养殖舱(包括养殖工船和封闭养殖舱)四类。近岸养殖向离岸、远海发展已是学术界共识和海水养殖业发展的内在需求。根据养殖水体生态性养殖容量和社会性养殖容量放养适宜种类和数量的苗种,开展多营养层次综合养殖,实施产业融合发展,是提高离岸和远海养殖产量和经济效益的有效途径。在当前近海养殖、远海养殖与深远海养殖共存的背景下,深远海养殖实现盈利的前提只能是养殖那些在池塘、近岸海域和离岸海域很难养殖的更高品质的种类,或通过深远海养殖可获得额外收益的种类。基于鱼类行为和生理学知识的“以鱼为本”的智能化技术是目前深远海智能化养殖的短板,需要依靠水产养殖、鱼类生物学、工程和信息技术等方面的专家深度合作才可...     

小型工厂化养鱼系统及设备的试验研究

建立了一种小型双循环鱼菜共生系统,鱼池水体2．8m^3,占地面积80m^2,所需配套设备全部自制。试验探讨建立该系统的可行性,通过不断改进自制设备和鱼饲养环境,探索提高水处理效果,以及在较小占地条件下获得高产和无公害鱼菜产品的方法。试验结果：养鱼水质指标NO2^--N为0．02～0．08mg／L,NH3-N≤0．03mg／L,NH4^＋-N〈0．5mg／L,单位水体平均年产罗非鱼63．3kg／m^3。整个鱼菜系统无污水排放,成鱼中检出的砷、铅、汞等元素含量均低于相关国家标准要求。     

盘锦市加快发展无公害、绿色、有机食品产业的思考

介绍了发展无公害、绿色、有机食品产业的优点,阐述了盘锦市无公害、绿色、有机食品产业发展现状,并针对盘锦的地区特点提出进一步细化规划的各项目标和措施,抓好生产产地建设,抓好示范基地建设,组建和扶持一批龙头企业,增加资金投入,加强组织领导等发展对策。     

Food-Based Approaches for Alleviating Micronutrient Malnutrition: An Overview

SUMMARY

This chapter reviews current knowledge and experience with using food-based approaches in reducing vitamin A and iron deficiencies. It reviews recently published literature, highlights some lessons learned, and identifies knowledge gaps and research priorities. The main strategies reviewed are food-based interventions that aim at: (1) increasing the production, availability, and access to vitamin A and iron-rich foods through the promotion of home production and (2) plant breeding strategies that have the potential to increase the content of vitamin A and iron in diet as well as their bioavailability. The review highlights the fact that significant progress has been achieved in the past few decades in the design and implementation of food-based approaches. Evaluations however remain weak, and without rigorous, carefully conducted evaluations the real potential of food-based approaches in addressing micronutrient malnutrition cannot be fully understood. Plant breeding strategies, although they are at a much earlier stage of development, hold great promise because of their enormous potential to improve the dietary quality of populations relying mainly on cereal staples. Studies on human bioavailability are the next crucial step to help understand the potential contribution of plant breeding towards alleviating micronutrient malnutrition. Our review suggests that food-based interventions could be an essential part of the long-term global strategy for the fight against micronutrient malnutrition, but their real potential is still to be explored.     

Quality Protein Maize: Overcoming the Hurdles

SUMMARY

Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a nutritionally enhanced maize, was developed by researchers from CIMMYT using too genetic systems–opaque-2 and genetic modifiers. The use of these two genetic systems overcame the highly complex problems that were inherent in the original soft endosperm opaques. This review describes the ever-evolving breeding options and strategies for the development of QPM with examples from the CIMMYT maize program, where much of the research and practical breeding work has been done. The soft endosperm opaque-2 materials developed earlier had poor agronomic performances and lacked producer and consumer acceptance. To overcome these constraints, subsequent research explored various options, with and without high lysine mutants. Like other institutions, CIMMYT researchers tried and critically examined the merits and demerits of different strategies. Of all the strategies available, the selection for modified kernels in which CIMMYT scientists had gained information, experience, and confidence seemed viable. To implement this strategy, modified opaque-2 donor stocks were built and were subsequently used for expanding the QPM developmental efforts. A large volume of QPM germplasm was developed using different breeding options, which were later merged and reorganized into a fixed number of pools and populations to permit working in homozygous opaque-2 genetic backgrounds. The development of QPM hybrids was the next turning point in the mid-80s. During the QPM developmental process, serious problems inherent in the opaques were circumvented and since then, rapid progress has been made. There is a renewed interest in QPM and several countries have recently released QPM varieties and hybrids. To further accelerate the QPM developmental process, to enhance its popularity amongst nations and its farmers, and to meet future challenges, innovative ideas and the tools of biotechnology will be needed.     

绿色食品发展现状及对策方略

重点阐述了20世纪70年代以来国内外绿色食品的开发、进展情况。指出了我国目前绿色食品发展生产已具备了迅速发展的4项有利条件。提出了今后发展绿色食品生产、促进农产品出口创汇以及农业生产和农村经济可持续发展的10项对策与建议。