基于水足迹的贵州省平塘县农业用水与经济脱钩分析

[目的]从水足迹视角剖析平塘县农业经济增长与农业水资源利用耦合作用机理,为喀斯特峰丛洼地生态治理提供参考资料。[方法]利用联合国粮农组织推荐CROPWAT 8.0软件,测算平塘县2002—2015年农业水足迹,运用脱钩理论,分析平塘县2001—2015年农业发展与农业水资源利用脱钩态势。[结果](1)2002—2015年平塘县水足迹与生产总值整体上呈波动上升趋势,但其增长率波动性较大;(2)从Tapio脱钩弹性指数来看,现阶段农业经济增长与农业水资源消耗关系尚不稳定,农业水资源不可持续性利用状态仍存在;(3)2007年为脱钩关系较为理想年份,其次是2008年,协调状况最差是2006,2002—2015年脱钩态势系整体上,呈倒U形变化趋势;(4)从面积来看,研究时段弱脱钩面积比重范围为0%~97.9%(2010年最大,2013年其次,2007和2011年最小),强脱钩面积比重范围为0%~100%(2007年最大,2008年其次,2010年最小),衰退脱钩面积比重范围为0%~49.7%(2011年为49.7%,其他年份为0)。[结论]总体上,平塘县农业经济增长与农业水资源利用协调状况不佳。     

Hybridisation with introduced chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (A. graeca) and red-legged (A. rufa) partridge populations

The decline of over-hunted red-legged (Alectoris rufa) and rock (A. graeca) partridge populations has been contrasted with massive releases of captive-reared birds, often hybrids with non-indigenous A. chukar. Released interspecific hybrids raise the risks of introgressive hybridisation, and can contribute to further depress the fitness of native populations. Aiming to assess the extent of hybridisation, we genotyped the mtDNA control-region and eight nuclear microsatellites in 671 red-legged, rock and chukar partridges and hybrids, identified by phenotypic traits. Results reveal a diffuse occurrence of hybridisation: (1) 39 samples (6.2%) show mtDNA haplotypes discordant with their phenotypes, indicating red-legged and chukar mtDNA introgression in native rock partridges; (2) admixture analyses of the microsatellite genotypes identified 32 additional rock partridges (5.1%) hybridised mainly with chukars. We analysed also 39 samples collected from a presumed natural red-legged x rock partridge hybrid zone in the French Alps. Surprisingly, 28% birds showed typical chukar mtDNAs, indicating hybridisation with introduced chukars or hybrids. This hybrid zone led to an introgression cline of chukar alleles into neighbouring Alpine rock partridges detectable up to 100 km, which was shorter than expected by neutral genetic theory, and that suggested natural selection against hybrids. These findings indicate that introgressive hybridisation may disrupt local adaptations in natural red-legged partridge and rock partridge populations, and call for strict control of farming and restocking operations.     

Inbreeding evaluation using microsatellite and its effect on growth traits in turbot,Scophthalmus maximus

Turbot is an economically relevant fish, and simultaneously at the risk of inbreeding depression in China. Microsatellite DNA markers were used to evaluate inbreeding level of a random turbot breeding population and further investigate its effects on growth traits. DNA based inbreeding coefficients (F_DNA) were ranged from 0 to 0.4124. Average inbreeding coefficient was 0.0621 with a standard deviation of 0.0658. Regression analysis results showed inbreeding had a very significant (p < .01) effect on harvest body weight (BW) and significant (p < .05) effect on harvest body long (BL). Inbreeding depression, expressed as the percent change in phenotype per 10% increase in F, was ?4.00% for BW and ?1.14% for BL. The inbreeding depression on high inbreeding coefficient (more than 10%) individuals was further analyzed. A set of significant (p < .05) and larger inbreeding depression was obtained, ?7.15% and ?2.49% for BW and BL respectively. This study demonstrates that inbreeding has a negative effect on growth traits and highlights the need of DNA markers to control inbreeding and maximize the genetic diversity in selection breeding programs.     

Inbreeding depression in garden and glasshouse chrysanthemums: germination and survivorship

Summary Sixty-six chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) inbred selections, noninbred cultivars and hybrids, and D. makinoi were the base populations from which up to three generations of inbreds were obtained using multiple plant descent. Each parent possessed pseudo-self compatibility (PSC), which allowed seed set following self pollination. Rapid-generation cycling (laboratory seed ripening to heart stage and subsequent embryo rescue) reduced generation time and minimized confounding maternal with zygotic inbreeding depression during post heart-stage seed development. Selection criteria were male/female fertility and PSC. Two stages of the life cycle were chosen to evaluate inbreeding depression: germination (seed development to germination) and survivorship (fertile individuals at anthesis). PSC was environmentally interactive and genotype dependent, causing variable levels of self seed set between and within populations and generations. By the end of the second generation, families from all noninbred cultivars, D. makinoi, and one F₁ hybrid were eliminated from the experiment due to self incompatibility and/or inbreeding depression. Post-germination inbreeding depression was severe in several advanced inbreds. Inbred progeny of most F₁ or F₂ hybrids expressed less or equal amounts of inbreeding depression compared to advanced inbreds. Linear regression coefficients for either germination or survivorship on percent homozygosity were negative. Correlation coefficients between percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of seed set) were highly significant for Minnesota inbreds (r=0.67, P0.002) and hybrids (r=0.67, P0.006). The correlation coefficient was higher when percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of germinated seedlings) were compared (r=0.95, P0.001).Abbreviations F Fisher's Coefficient of Inbreeding - IBD Inbreeding Depression - PSC Pseudo-self Compatibility - RGC Rapid Generation Cycle - SI Self Incompatibility     

桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地橘园土壤入渗特征

广西(桂)是我国柑橘果园面积和喀斯特峰丛洼地分布最广的省份。目前,对广泛分布的喀斯特峰丛洼地橘园土壤的入渗特征还缺乏了解。为了更好的支撑喀斯特峰丛洼地柑橘产业与生态可持续发展,本文以桂林地区典型白云岩峰丛洼地小流域为研究对象。采用改进的表置式环式入渗仪结合染色(亮蓝)示踪方法开展土壤入渗试验,定量刻画了洼地和梯田橘园土壤基质入渗与优先流入渗特征。结果表明:(1)基质入渗是该地区橘园水分入渗的主要方式;(2)基质稳定入渗速率差异显著且表现为洼地橘园(91.60~145.75 mm/h)大于梯田橘园(35.02~44.78 mm/h),优先流稳定入渗速率差异同样显著且表现为洼地橘园(79.78~118.30 mm/h)大于梯田橘园(12.63~23.18 mm/h);(3)优先流入渗在空间上具有很强的变异性,土壤染色面积并不是随土层的深入而递减;(4)梯田染色深度(17.4 cm)显著小于洼地(25.5 cm),梯田染色区域主要集中在表层土壤,0~5 cm范围内的染色面积占总染色面积的61.23%,洼地相同范围内染色面积仅占38.95%;(5)梯田与洼地相比,优先流路径更少,优先流发育程度更低,潜在的增加了橘树对土壤水分的可利用量。本研究结果有助于了解喀斯特峰丛洼地橘园的水文过程,并为峰丛洼地橘园的土壤水分管理提供借鉴。     

落叶松种间交配结实力变异和自交衰退的研究

落叶松种间杂交的结实率普遍较高，但不同种之间有一定差异，其中日本落叶松与兴安落叶松交配结实率最低。种内自由授粉和自交的对比试验显示，示粒种子产生的主要原因是自交。本文讨论了自交不孕无性系的可能利用途径。在不同交配组合下研究了华北落叶松捕捉花粉的过程，确定在传粉期花粉和雌性生殖器官存在一定的相互作用，但无特异性。传粉后约4周，珠心顶端破裂，分泌物进入珠孔道，并与珠被分泌物共同作用于花粉，使花粉向珠心移动。组织化学分析表明，从传粉到受精期间，蛋白质的分布发生区域性变化，传粉期蛋白质几乎分布于整个胚珠，而在受精期则主要集中在颈卵器之上的珠心组织中。初步确定在花粉萌发和受精期，华北落叶松中存在花粉识别与选择系统。     

L-茶氨酸改善慢性应激大鼠抑郁行为作用研究

研究L-茶氨酸对慢性不可预见性温和应激模型大鼠的抗抑郁作用及其机制。建立慢性不可预见性温和应激（CUMS）抑郁大鼠模型,通过糖水偏好实验,旷场实验,明暗箱实验评估L-茶氨酸的抗抑郁作用效果;为了阐释其相关机理,本研究通过酶联免疫法测定了各组大鼠海马和皮层组织中5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NA）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和皮质酮（CORT）的含量,同时也检测了大鼠血清和海马组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,模型组大鼠糖水偏好度、横穿格数和直立次数、进入明箱中的大鼠数量以及停留的时间极显著降低,显示大鼠抑郁模型构建成功;而与模型组相比,灌胃低高两个剂量L-茶氨酸的大鼠抑郁症状有不同程度改善,尤其高剂量都达到显著水平。同时,L-茶氨酸能显著提升大鼠海马和皮层中5-HT、NA的含量,降低ACTH,CORT的含量,上调大鼠血清和皮层中SOD和GSH-Px的活性,进一步表明了其抗抑郁的功效,其机制可能主要与促进单胺类递质分泌有关。     

Development of mold fluxes for welding rod steel at the Shuicheng Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.

The solidification characteristics of steel are analyzed with the aim of explaining the appearance of serious surface depressions and frequent breakouts when casting billet H08 steel at the Shuicheng Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., P.R. China     

中国北方利用开采型漏斗建设地下水库的初步研究

中国北方属干旱、半干旱地区,地下水资源在供水中占主导地位.因长期持续开采、超采,较多区域出现不同范围、疏干厚度及疏干体积的地下水位降落漏斗,更严重的是漏斗逐年扩大,形成漏斗群,地下水环境恶化与水资源匮乏已打破人口、资源、环境的和谐格局.以石家庄市开采型漏斗为例,探索和总结开采型漏斗的形成、演化、变迁及形成机理,对漏斗的过去、现在和未来进行剖析,采用演绎推理,阐述利用开采型漏斗修建地下水库的条件及关键因子,对利用开采型漏斗修建地下水库的可行性、必要性、规划和设计开拓思路.同时指出利用开采型漏斗建设地下水库对漏斗区水资源科学配置、水资源持续发展和地下水环境生态修复具有重要的战略意义.