黄瓜单个叶片光合特性研究

系统测定了１９个春季露地和冬季温室黄瓜壮龄叶片光合速率及其日变化，结果表明，在露地栽培条件下，大多数品种、杂交种和品系光合速率分布在ＣＯ２２０－３０μｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１之间。冬季温室栽培的长春密刺的光合速率远较露地栽培时低。无论温室还是露地栽培，黄瓜壮龄叶片光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线型，有明显“午休”现象。光照强度、ＣＯ２浓度、温度及土壤湿度等外界环境条件，以及黄瓜腋负载果实与否的内的因素     

室内饲养的蠋蝽种群近交衰退分析

蠋蝽是一种优良的天敌昆虫,可以捕食40余种鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目害虫。目前蠋蝽的规模扩繁大都采用室内饲养方法,因而种群出现了不可避免的近交衰退现象。本研究立足于分析近交繁殖对蠋蝽种群的影响,测定近交繁殖状态下,蠋蝽种群的一系列生命特征,为蠋蝽的规模扩繁提供依据。在室内饲养条件下,连续饲养6代蠋蝽种群,比较近交第6代种群和杂交种群在卵孵化率、各虫态发育历期、重量和性比等方面的差异。近交繁殖第6代种群与杂交种群相比,卵孵化率具有极显著差异,近交种群卵孵化率（43.66%）比杂交种群（66.28%）低22.62%。孵化历期比杂交种群的延长1.7 d。在各龄期历期比较中发现,近交种群的1、2、4和5龄若虫发育历期比杂交种群分别缩短0.29、0.03、0.08和0.51 d,而3龄则延长0.20 d,近交种群若虫发育历期（25.64 d）比杂交种群（26.34 d）短0.70 d。杂交种群各个虫态重量均比近交种群略有增加。在性比方面,近交种群会表现出显著的偏雄性。综上,近交繁殖第6代与杂交繁殖相比,在孵化率与成虫获得率方面显著下降,而在发育历期与各虫态重量方面并无显著差异。因此,在蠋蝽的室内繁殖过程中,应隔一段时间,采集远源虫源进行种群复壮,避免虫源衰退。     

Breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of a rare sand dune shrub Eremosparton songoricum(Fabaceae:Papilionoideae):implications for conservation

The breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of Eremosparton songoricum(Litv.) Vass.,a rare shrubby legume occurring in moving or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asian deserts,were examined by manipulative experiments and observational studies in natural populations during the period of 2007-2009.The results showed that E.songoricum exhibits a mixed mating system.It is self-compatible,but depends strictly on pollinators to set fruits.Only two effective pollinators were detected and they triggered the specialized pollination mechanism(a 'brush type' and 'tripping mechanism').Geitonogamy becomes predominant in natural populations,because(74.5±1.3)% of visiting activity happened within or between inflorescences and(24.3±1.4)% occurred between ramets.As a result,inbreeding depression caused by geitonogamous selfing inevitably happened under natural conditions,showing 2.36 times less fruit set than was achieved by hand cross-pollination.The results explained the rarity of the species due to its breeding system,and will assist to develop suitable conservation strategies in severe desert environments.     

基于工程措施的喀斯特落水洞土壤及养分流失阻控效果

为揭示前期研发的阻控工程措施对喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤及养分流失的阻控效果,采用室内模拟和原位监测,采集暴雨后经阻控和未阻控的水流样品,分析样品中土壤、总养分及溶解性养分含量变化。结果表明,室内模拟暴雨条件下,生物质炭对土壤和养分流失的阻控效果表现为前期好于后期,且阻控效果与过滤材料粒径相关,以40目效果好于20目。其中,在暴雨初期(0 h),40目生物质炭对总氮、总磷、总钾流失的阻控率分别为31.9%、35.9%和37.2%,显著高于20目生物质炭对相应养分的阻控率(19.1%、16.6%和18.4%)。原位条件下,暴雨后24 h内工程措施(使用混合过滤材料)对总氮、总磷和总钾的阻控率分别达40.0%、92.3%和62.6%,对硝态氮、磷酸盐流失的阻控率分别为35.3%和12.5%,对其它有效态养分流失的阻控效果不明显(0.66%～3.70%)。总体上,采用工程措施对于暴雨后经喀斯特峰丛洼地落水洞流失土壤及总养分的阻控效果明显,但对水溶态养分的阻控效果有限。     

贵州省岩溶洼地洪涝灾害加重的原因分析

贵州省岩溶洼地的洪涝灾害具有日益严重的发展态势。阐述了岩溶涝灾形成的基本原理 ,从制约岩溶涝灾的地质因素、气候因素和人为因素几个方面剖析了近年来岩溶涝灾逐年加重的原因 ,为防治岩溶涝灾提出了一些建议     

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地降雨特性及浅层地下水埋深变化特征

以桂西北典型喀斯特峰丛洼地连续6年(2006-2011年)的降雨资料和浅层地下水埋深的实测数据为基础,分析研究区降雨特性和浅层地下水的变化特征。结果表明:研究区虽然降雨丰富,但年际变化大且季节分布不均。除2008年为丰水年(1 979.8mm)、2011年为欠水年(1 127.3mm)外,其余年份均为平水年(1 302.7～1 510.1mm);降雨主要集中在4-9月(雨季),其占全年降雨量的比例表现为平水年(82.4%～85.1%)>丰水年(74.7%)>欠水年(65.9%);有效降雨次数、累计有效降雨量和最大日降雨量有随年降雨量增加而增加的趋势;60min雨强大于16mm/h的降雨和最大日降雨量的最大值分别为67.4mm/h和152.9mm,主要集中在5-8月;年内50%以上为无雨天气,其中,平均出现26次连续3d以上,5次连续10d以上的无雨天气,不同水文年差异不大,且多发生在旱季,年降雨量并未因无雨天数的增加而降低。雨季地下水埋深约为2m,旱季大于3m,呈中等变异,且雨季大于旱季;地下水埋深年内随降雨呈单峰型分布,但峰值维持时间短,前期降雨对地下水位的涨落有重要影响。     

High levels of hatching failure in an insular population of the South Island robin: a consequence of food limitation?

Endangered birds in insular environments like New Zealand are often translocated to predator-free offshore islands for conservation purposes. Some translocated populations however exhibit reduced fecundity, and it has been suggested that either inbreeding (due to small number of founders) or resource shortages (due to high population density) may limit reproductive success. For example, the South Island robin (Petroica a. australis) population on Motuara Island (59 ha) was founded by only five birds but has increased to ∼600 individuals, or a density >10 times that of the mainland. Despite this apparent success, the rate of hatching failure in this population is three times higher than in mainland populations, with more than a third of eggs failing to hatch. To test if elevated hatching failure is the result of food limitation, we carried out a food supplementation experiment by providing females with mealworms equivalent to ∼50% of their daily energy requirements. Food supplementation had no effect on hatching success, clutch size, incubation attentiveness or nest size. Egg volume increased with food supplementation in one of the two years of this study, but both egg volume and incubation attentiveness were unrelated to rate of hatching failure. As previous genetic analyses confirmed that the bottlenecked population of robins on Motuara Island have significantly less genetic variation than their source population, we conclude that inbreeding depression, and not food limitation, is the most likely explanation for their high rate of hatching failure. We suggest that the experimental translocation of genetically dissimilar individuals be considered as a possible remedy for low productivity in island populations that were initiated with few founders.     

基于调控适宜性区域评价的红崖山灌区地下水位动态预测

红崖山灌区位于中国典型干旱内陆区石羊河流域下游,当地地下水的过度开采已引起地下水位持续下降、生态环境严重恶化。2006—2010年期间,红崖山灌区实施了"关井压田"等相关治理措施,并于2010年开始对青土湖进行生态泄水,用水环境随之发生变化。该文运用GIS技术和FEFLOW软件,基于2011—2012年观测数据构建了红崖山灌区潜水三维数值模型;基于井群调控原则,对研究区进行调控适宜性区域评价,在此基础上以地下水开采量为基准设置了若干调控方案;利用构建的地下水数值模型对现状条件和各种调控方案下20 a内地下水动态变化进行了预测。结果表明:现状用水条件下,当地地下水位依然整体以低降幅持续下降,地下水降落漏斗进一步扩大;水量的削减能让地下水位下降趋势得到有效的遏制并修复地下水降落漏斗;依据评价值大小确定限釆比例的方案比全区域均匀比例限采方案能更有针对性地回升地下水位、修复地下水降落漏斗,且调控井数更少。     

Effect of Electroacupuncture on Serum Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium Levels in the Depression Rats

Objective:To investigate effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on serum copper,zinc,calcium and magnesium levels in the rat models of depression.Methods:Forty healthy SD male rats were divided into a norma...     

Inbreeding in red-cockaded woodpeckers: Effects of natal dispersal distance and territory location

Inbreeding depression constitutes a significant threat to the viability of small populations. In addition to small size and isolation of populations, short distance dispersal may elevate risk of inbreeding, but empirical evidence is scarce. Inbreeding depression has been demonstrated in the highly endangered red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis. It has been suggested that conservation efforts to support extant populations should aim at spatially aggregating territories to enhance dispersal success. This however may aggravate inbreeding risk because distance between territories and hence dispersal distances become short. We analysed empirical data from a long-term study of the demography of the red-cockaded woodpecker and found that inbreeding risk varied inversely with natal dispersal distance of the mother. Using an individual-based, spatially explicit population model that incorporates simulations of environmental and demographic stochasticity and an empirically derived, species-specific estimate of inbreeding costs, we demonstrated that inbreeding depression significantly elevated extinction risk in this species. On the other hand, even though dispersal distances in populations with spatially aggregated territories were shorter and the proportion of inbred individuals was higher than in other populations of the same size, such populations were still more persistent. Despite the overall adverse effect of inbreeding depression on viability of red-cockaded woodpecker populations, lowering interterritorial distances can be viewed as a valuable conservation tool. Given the small size and isolated location of most extant red-cockaded woodpecker populations however, our findings suggest that inbreeding depression represents a significant threat to the survival of this species.