典型岩溶峰丛洼地水土保持技术研究

岩溶峰丛洼地水土流失以地下漏失为主,水土流失过程特殊、复杂,非岩溶区原有的各项水土保持工程及生物措施不适宜该区。以广西平果县果化示范区为例,在系统分析典型峰丛洼地不同地貌部位、不同环境类型条件下水土流失的主要特点和过程的基础上,通过试验与示范,研发了适宜于峰丛洼地不同地貌部位的水土保持生物技术和工程技术,取得了较好的生态、经济、社会效益,可为我国西南岩溶区水土流失及石漠化的综合防治提供科技支撑。     

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究

采用线形取样,利用地统计学方法研究了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明:有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾具有相似的空间变异结构,其变程变化在212～251 m之间,与坡面不同土地利用方式的空间范围相当.全磷和全钾的变异尺度较小,为141.2 m和120.6m.受部分耕地施用磷肥影响,速效磷的变异尺度最小,仅为85.1 m.除pH值外,土壤各养分均表现为强烈的空间相关性.有机碳、全氮、碱解氮等养分的空间分布表现出随着海拔高度增加而增大的特征,人类的耕作管理和峰丛洼地特殊的水文地质过程是影响土壤养分空间变异的主要因素.     

Inbreeding depression traits in pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai by factorial mating experiments

ABSTRACT:   'Inbreeding depression' may be an avoidable phenomenon for abalone culture. However, only a few studies have been carried out on inbreeding depression. In the present study, using six families produced in 1994, a factorial mating system including inbreeding and outbreeding was constructed in order to demonstrate inbreeding depression traits of the Pacific abalone. In total, 24 inbreeding and 21 outbreeding crosses were produced during three years (1999–2001) and these offspring were reared for approximately one year. Significant differences in fertilization rate and growth were not observed between inbreeding and outbreeding crosses. However, the deformity rate of veliger larvae was always higher in inbreeding crosses than that of outbreeding crosses in all experiments. Moreover, a significantly high deformity rate was observed in some full-sib families of inbreeding. Alternatively, the survival rates of inbreeding crosses were much lower than for outbreeding crosses after about 4 months and one year in two rearing localities. These results indicate that inbreeding depression is observed in the traits of deformity rate and survival, but not in fertilization rate nor growth in the first generation of a full-sib family of the Pacific abalone.     

菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系两个世代的杂交与近交效应

为改良菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系的表型性状,于2010年7月以奶牛品系的全同胞子一代和子二代上选10%的个体作为亲本,采用双列杂交法,建立近交组合(F₂₂、F₃₃)、杂交组合(F₂₃、F₃₂)并设置对照组(C₂₂、C₃₃),研究了两个近交世代的杂交效应及近交效应。结果表明,杂交使得幼虫的生长性状和存活性状得到了部分改良,但稚贝的生长性状尚未得到提高。幼虫表现出微弱的生长优势,中亲生长优势为(0.95±1.23);F₂₃杂种优势为(0.36±0.59),F₃₂杂种优势为(1.56±1.96)。稚贝表现为杂种劣势,中亲生长劣势为(-2.90±3.20);F₂₃稚贝杂种劣势为(-4.60±3.21),F₃₂稚贝杂种劣势为(-0.75±10.13)。幼虫和稚贝均表现为存活优势,中亲存活优势分别为(9.43±4.41)、(8.66±12.25);F₂₃存活优势分别为(0.77±3.60)、(6.70±8.81);F₃₂存活优势分别为(20.93±7.92)、(10.94±16.28)。杂交效应主要受到交配方式的影响,母本效应主要作用于幼虫期。近交使得世代F₂₂、F₃₃的生长性状得到了改良,但两个世代的存活性状均出现了不同程度的近交衰退。世代 F₂₂、F₃₃幼虫期生长性状表现为近交衰退,衰退率分别为(5.17±4.38)、(4.99±2.72);稚贝期生长性状未表现出近交衰退现象,其衰退率分别为(-0.79±13.66)、(-0.93±12.85)。对于存活性状而言,两个世代均出现近交衰退现象,世代F₂₂及F33幼虫和稚贝的近交衰退率分别为(0.16±5.82)、(9.98±10.04),(19.33±11.28)、(13.08±16.17)。表型性状的近交效应主要受到世代效应的影响。通过上选、杂交与近交的有机结合,有效地改良了奶牛蛤品系的表型性状。     

多功能减压管在立筒仓和浅圆仓中的应用

在立筒仓及浅圆仓中安装多功能通风熏蒸减压降碎装置,可以有效降低粮食入库破碎率,减少自动分级影响,减缓出库时粮堆整体移动产生的动载荷,保护仓内设施,延长筒仓及浅圆仓使用寿命.同时利用多功能减压管进行内环流熏蒸及通风降温降湿进一步完善了立筒仓及浅圆仓储粮性能,提高了储粮稳定性.     

Trait Response and Change in Genetic Variation upon Selection for Spike Number in Salina Wildrye

Salina wildrye (Leymus salinus [M.E. Jones] Á. Löve) is a perennial cool-season grass that potentially could become an important restoration species in the Colorado Plateau. However, its seed production has never been commercially viable due to sparse heading. We compared a 4x ssp. salmonis population, Lakeside C₃, to an 8x ssp. salinus population, 9043501, for seed production ? related traits and measured the response of 9043501 to 2 cycles of selection for increased spike number over a 4-yr period at Millville, Utah. Seed yield of Lakeside and 9043501 was similar (P > 0.10) in 2013, but seed yield of 9043501 was 81% greater (P < 0.10) than Lakeside in 2014 and 191% greater (P < 0.01) in 2015. Lakeside spike number was 99% greater (P < 0.0001) than 9043501 in 2013, but they were similar (P > 0.10) in 2014 and 2015. Seeds per spike of 9043501 were 71% (P < 0.05), 80% (P < 0.05), and 209% (P < 0.01) greater than Lakeside in 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively. Selection in 9043501 increased (P < 0.05) spike number by 4.3 spikes per plant (19.8%) per cycle of selection in the first seed-production yr (2013), but no change was seen in 2014 or 2015 (P > 0.10). Selection did not change (P > 0.10) seeds per spike or individual seed mass. Consequently, seed yield increased (P < 0.05) 0.32 g per plant per cycle (36.8%) in 2013, with no increase (P > 0.10) in 2014 or 2015. Dry matter per plant across the 4 yr increased (P < 0.01) 10.3 g per plant per cycle (9.3%), and canopy height increased (P < 0.01) 3.9 cm per cycle (6.6%) in 2013. AFLP DNA primers detected a 1.7% loss of genetic variation per cycle, presumably due to a combination of selection and genetic drift, but no plant traits were diminished as a result.     

毛竹气体交换特征

 为了探讨毛竹Phyllostachys pubescens叶片光合作用的时空动态变化规律,运用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定了毛竹叶片的气体交换日变化及林冠不同层次叶片对光照强度的响应。结果表明：①毛竹叶片的净光合速率日变化规律表现为不是特别明显的双峰型曲线,但具有“光合午休”现象,上午的峰值明显大于下午的峰值;②蒸腾速率的日变化规律呈单峰曲线,而水分利用效率日变化规律呈双峰型曲线,且与净光合速率的日变化趋势相似;③毛竹林冠上、下层次叶片的净光合速率日变化规律一致,但在相同的光照强度下,上层的净光合速率高于下层,毛竹林冠上层的叶片较下层的叶片具有更强的适应强光的能力。图6参22     

贵州省岩溶洼地洪涝灾害加重的原因分析

贵州省岩溶洼地的洪涝灾害具有日益严重的发展态势。阐述了岩溶涝灾形成的基本原理 ,从制约岩溶涝灾的地质因素、气候因素和人为因素几个方面剖析了近年来岩溶涝灾逐年加重的原因 ,为防治岩溶涝灾提出了一些建议     

Canopy Temperature Depression as a Potential Selection Criterion for Drought Resistance in Wheat

Field studies were conducted at Bushland, Texas, USA, in 2004 to examine usefulness of canopy temperature depression （CTD）, the difference of air-canopy temperature, in screening wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） genotypes for yield under dryland and irrigated. Forty winter wheat genotypes were grown under irrigation and dryland. CTDs were recorded after heading between 1 330 and 1 530 h on 6 clear days for dryland and 9 days for irrigation. Drought susceptible index （DSI） for each genotype was calculated using mean yield under dryland and irrigated conditions. Genotypes exhibited great differences in CTD under each environment. The dryland CTDs averaged 1.33℃ ranging from -0.67 to 2.57℃, and the average irrigation CTD were 4.59℃ ranging from 3.21 to 5.62℃. A low yield reduction was observed under dryland conditions relative to irrigated conditions for high-CTD genotypes. CTD values were highly negatively correlated with DSI under dryland, and genotypes of CTDs = 1.3℃ in dryland condition were identified as drought resistant. For 21 genotypes classified as drought resistant by DSI, their CTDs were 1.68℃ for dryland and 4.35℃ for irrigation on average; for 19 genotypes classified as drought susceptible by DSI, average CTD was 0.94℃ in dryland and 4.85℃ in irrigation. The high-yield genotypes consistently had high CTD values, and the low-yield ones had low CTD values for all measurements in dryland. After heading, genotypes maintained consistent ranking for CTD. Regression results for CTD and yield suggested that the best time for taking CTD measurement was 3-4 weeks after heading in irrigation but any time before senescence in dryland. Crop water stress index （CWSI） calculated from CTD data was highly correlated with CWSI calculated from yield, which suggesting traditional costly CWSI measurement may be improved by using portable infrared thermometers. Most importantly, grain yield was highly correlated with CTD under dryland （R^2 = 0.79-0.86） and irrigation （R^2 = 0.46-0.58） conditions. These results clearly indicated grain yield and water stress can be predicted by taking CTD values in field, which can be used by breeding programs as a potential selection criterion for grain yield and drought resistance in wheat, but a second study year is needed to confirm further.     

桂林石灰岩区名特优植物元素的岩溶响应

在桂林会仙石灰岩地质背景条件下,研究岩溶洼地和山腰部位3种名特优植物体的元素含量特征及对土壤营养的响应关系,为筛选适合岩溶区种植的植物品种以及加强西南岩溶地区石漠化治理提供理论指导。结果表明,在岩溶动力条件驱动下,洼地和山腰部位3种植物体的元素含量及元素生物吸收系数均存在明显差异。进一步相关分析表明,石灰岩地区土壤—植物体系统中元素迁移与植物蒸腾作用密切相关,其中Ca、Mg、N、Zn、P等元素迁移与植物蒸腾系数呈显著正相关,植物体元素迁移受地质背景条件中N、P元素含量影响较大。