牡丹‘凤丹’体细胞胚发生技术

为建立牡丹‘凤丹’体细胞胚发生培养体系,以牡丹‘凤丹’的合子胚、胚轴和子叶为外植体进行离体培养,研究了种胚发育时期不同质量浓度蔗糖处理及不同的培养基对牡丹体细胞胚发生的影响,结果表明,花后110 d是体细胞胚直接诱导合适的发育时期,诱导率为33.00%,3种外植体中,种胚的诱导率最高;利用质量浓度为90 g.L-1的蔗糖溶液处理种胚2 h,体细胞胚诱导效果最好,在MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg.L-1+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1培养基上获得较高的体细胞胚,诱导率为38.33%。     

百喜草在退耕坡地种植中的水土保持效应及养羊效果

为弄清百喜草在退耕坡地种植中的综合效应,采用针刺样点法测定植被覆盖度,小区径流池观测地表径流和土壤侵蚀量等方法,研究了百喜草在退耕坡地种植中的水土保持效应及其养羊效果。结果表明:种植当年,百喜草草丛高度、鲜草产量和植被覆盖度分别达15.63cm、2 567.45kg/667m2和95.62%;种植第3年,鲜草产量和植被覆盖度均较当年有所提高,分别为2 896.24kg/667m2和99.23%;而多年生黑麦草及其混播组合与百喜草相比,各项指标均有不同程度下降;与撂荒坡耕地相比,地表径流和土壤侵蚀量分别降低47.54%和93.25%;百喜草饲养山羊,平均日增重133.5g,其屠宰率和净肉率也较高,每只羊净收入达40.36元。退耕坡地种植百喜草不仅可减少水土流失,而且可长期收获饲草,有利于发展生态草地畜牧业。     

基于成长阶段性需求的高校青年教师培养机制研究——对河北农业大学的调查与思考

基于对河北农业大学375位青年教师的调查数据,对青年教师在不同成长阶段的需求特征进行了分析。结果表明,青年教师在入职适应期、蓄势发展期和最佳创造期表现出的需求既有共性也有个性特征。针对这些需求,提出从教学能力培养、科研指导、学历进修、职称晋升等角度出发,构建全方位、立体培养机制,以促进青年教师的职业发展。     

Construction Stage Analysis on Replacement of Closure Segment in Prestressed Concrete Cable-stayed Bridges

To deal with failure of wet joint between a closure segment and its neighboring segments of main girder in an existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge, the technology on replacement of closure segment was presented. In order to analyze structural characteristics of this technology, its technical approaches and construction key points were introduced. Then a FEM model for a typical prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge was established, and a construction stage analysis method was given in detail, including establishing a structural basement calculation model for replacement of closure segment and simulating its construction procedures. Based upon calculation results, variations of some structural state parameters with construction stages, such as deck deflection of main girder, longitudinal horizontal displacement at the top of pylons, cable forces, were analyzed. The results showed, this method could reflect actual change process of structural state and existing inspected results of cable-stayed bridge, and FEM results could well meet with construction monitoring results during replacement of closure segment. Thus variations of structural characteristics with construction stages could actually be revealed. This method could provide references for design and construction control of replacement of closure segment in existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges.     

退牧对酒泉市荒漠化草地的生态效果

自2003年开始,酒泉市3个县的荒漠化草原被列为＂退牧还草＂试点,对禁牧、休牧措施在植被恢复中的实际效果进行了连续的定点观测。结果表明,退牧对恢复草地植被效果明显。退牧后植被的高度、盖度、多度、地上生物量和可食牧草产量等生产性能明显提高。就植物多样性、盖度、高度和产草量的综合效应而言,采取禁牧等措施对植被恢复均存在显著的促进作用。     

甘肃小陇山日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤理化性质的变化

采用时序研究法对甘肃小陇山林区日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段(6、15、23、35 a)的土壤物理性质、化学性质进行多因子综合比较,利用主成分分析的方法,以主成分特征贡献率为权重,计算土壤肥力综合指标值,分析土壤性质的演变规律。结果表明:日本落叶松人工林发育至近熟林阶段,土壤物理性质变差,表现为土壤密度最大1.62g·cm-3,毛管孔隙度和最大持水量降至最低,分别为29.69%、24.45%,并且土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾、镁、钙含量也明显降低;而到成熟林阶段,土壤理化性质有显著改善,土壤密度降低为1.21 g·cm-3、毛管孔隙度和最大持水量恢复至45.56%、42.65%,土壤养分含量也有了很大的提高,甚至超过了中龄林阶段的水平;同时幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林土壤性质综合得分分别为-0.329、0.188、-0.565、0.739,也表明近熟林土壤性质最差,成熟林土壤性质最好。     

不同草地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响

以青海省共和县塔拉滩封育芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)草原、过牧芨芨草草原、取土坑、人工草地和农田为研究对象,对不同利用方式及不同深度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行了分析研究。结果表明:0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳含量顺序均为封育芨芨草草原>退化过牧芨芨草草原>取土坑>农田>人工草地,说明退化和开垦均导致表层土壤有机碳含量的下降。在同一土层内,农田和人工草地(退耕地)的有机碳含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在0～10,10～20和20～40cm的3个土层,农田的全氮含量最高,人工草地次之,主要是由于人为施加氮肥和翻压枯草等因素造成,取土坑的全氮含量最低;同时,0～40cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量高于退化过牧芨芨草草原,40～80cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量低于退化过牧芨芨草草原,说明封育使土壤上层的全氮含量增加,而草原退化导致氮向下层转移。全磷含量的变化规律与全氮相似。各草地的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度增加而下降。     

增温补光育苗对浓香型烤烟大田生长和理化指标的影响

研究了苗期不同光温条件下培育的烟苗移栽到大田后,其生育期、生长速率、理化指标及其产量的变化。结果表明,烤房人工光源育苗、大棚恒温补光育苗、大棚恒温育苗移栽大田后,其生育期、生长速率和成熟期的农艺性状均优于大棚常规育苗,其中有效叶数和茎高的差异均达到极显著水平;初烤烟叶的宽长比、单叶重、厚度、干物质重和单位面积质量等物理指标均极显著优于对照;但烤房人工光源育苗和大棚恒温补光育苗处理的初烤烟叶总糖及还原糖极显著低于对照和其余处理;主要经济性状表现为烤房人工光源育苗〉大棚恒温补光育苗〉大棚恒温育苗〉大棚常规育苗。因此,苗期采用增温补光处理不仅可显著改善烟苗素质,而且对烤烟大田生育期的烟叶理化指标和产量有显著影响。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地衰退林分的更替改造模式

[目的]探索最优的林分更替改造模式,为黄河三角洲盐碱地退化林分的恢复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]以黄河三角洲盐碱地衰退白榆林和八里庄杨树林为研究对象,采用野外调查与实验室分析测定相结合的方法,对两种衰退林分及各自不同更替改造模式的生长、土壤及植被效益进行分析与评价。[结果]①衰退白榆林和八里庄杨林更替改造的不同模式在郁闭度、林木保存率和生长状况方面差异较大,总体上混交林好于纯林,耐盐能力强的树种好于耐盐能力差的树种。②衰退白榆林和八里庄杨林的不同更替改造模式在土壤理化性能上皆得到提高,均能提升土壤涵蓄降水量和有效涵蓄量;不同更替改造模式均不同程度地降低了土壤的pH值和含盐量;两种衰退林分经更替改造为不同模式后的土壤有机质和养分状况得到较大改善,随着林分模式的不同,其提高程度差异较大。③不同林分模式的植被有所差异,但总体来说,更替改造模式的生境好于衰退林分,出现耐盐能力较低的植物,其植被种类增多,但随着林分郁闭度的增加,耐荫植物出现,耐干旱耐盐植物种类减少。[结论]综合分析两种衰退林分更替改造不同模式的林分生长、土壤及植被,在衰退白榆林分的更替改造中,以竹柳刺槐白榆混交林模式为最佳,白榆纯林次之,刺槐纯林亦可考虑,竹柳纯林模式则不宜选择;在衰退八里庄杨林分更替改造的两种模式中,白榆纯林为最好,盐柳纯林最差,不宜选用。     

Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages

A field experiment was performed to explore responses of carbon metabolism, antioxidant system and endogenous hormone content of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958) to waterlogging at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and the 10th day after the tasselling stage (10VT). Results showed that waterlogging significantly decreased the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), compared to those of CK. However, leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly increased by waterlogging at different stages, with the most significant increase was found in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 (V3‐W), with an increase of 30% and 29% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively. Waterlogging significantly decreased antioxidative enzyme activities, accelerating leaf senescence, resulted in the disorder of leaf gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In addition, waterlogging decreased key enzyme activities of carbon metabolism (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), with the most significant reduction in V3‐W, with a decrease of 46% and 49% for DH605, and 53% and 55% for ZD958, respectively. Visibly, waterlogging disturbed carbon metabolism, affected plant endogenous hormone content, accelerated leaf senescence and eventually resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristic and grain yield. V3 was most susceptible to waterlogging, followed by V6 and 10VT.