湿地挺水植物凋落物分解研究概述

挺水植物凋落物的分解会对湿地水质产生一定程度的影响。文中从挺水植物凋落物分解的研究方法、凋落物分解速率和元素释放以及分解与水体营养化水平的相互关系等几个方面,分析了挺水植物凋落物的分解特征。指出除了传统的分解袋法之外,一些新的技术和方法如近红外反射光谱（NIRS）法、同位素13C和15N示踪法也应用到植物凋落物的分解研究中;不同挺水植物凋落物的分解速率是不相同的,分解速率的不同致使凋落物元素释放的不同,且在分解过程中受到挺水植物凋落物特性和外界环境的影响。还分析了挺水植物凋落物独特的分解方式——立枯分解,指出挺水植物凋落物的分解可能会对水体造成二次污染,且不同植物的影响也是不同的。为了更好地保护环境,进一步提高水体质量,提出对挺水植物凋落物采取的相应措施,包括在植物生长末期清除部分植物凋落物,减少对水体的影响。还展望了今后在该领域研究的重点。     

黑龙江省主要阔叶树种绿枝扦插试验

在带岭林科所落叶松种子园大棚内进行了10个树种、3个采条时期、3种插穗处理和15种基质1350个组合的绿枝扦插试验。结果表明，同一树种的不同采条时期、不同插穗处理、不同基质和不同树种的同一采条时期、同一插穗处理、同一基质的生根效果不同，并有明显的交互作用。各树种最佳组合的生根率：刺五加80％、五味子70％、紫椴40％、花楸30％、水曲柳20％、黄菠萝20％、山槐20％、山梨10％、春榆10％、胡桃楸0。     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics under windrowed residues during the establishment phase of a second-rotation hoop pine plantation in subtropical Australia

The dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), derived from the decomposition of windrowed harvest residues, was examined in the establishment phase of a second rotation (2R) hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn) plantation in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Following harvesting and site preparation, when residues were formed into windrows, in situ N mineralisation was measured in positions along the three tree-planting rows formed between the windrows. The position above the windrow had a higher nitrification rate than the other positions, averaging about 18 kg N ha⁻¹/month compared with 12 and 9 Kg N ha⁻¹ for the positions between and below the windrow positions, respectively. This position also had consistently greater soil moisture.

Macroplots were formed extending 5 m above and 10 m below a windrow. Windrowed residues within the macroplots were replaced by ¹⁵N-labelled material comprising hoop pine foliage, branch and stem. Hoop pine trees were planted within each macroplot with foliar samples taken at 12 and 24 months. Differences in foliar ¹⁵N enrichment between positions within macroplots were <1‰. Soil samples were taken from positions along the macroplots at 6-monthly intervals. Samples revealed an initial release of labile C and N but soil δ¹⁵N showed that residue-derived N was largely immobilised within the windrows for the 30-month sampling period. Whilst the use of windrows may act as a barrier to the down-slope movement of water, the residue N within the windrows may not be available to the trees of the following rotation for a considerable period following planting. Trees closest to the windrows may be able to introduce roots under the windrows thereby gaining access to the available N, but trees in the central tree planting row are unlikely to derive any significant benefit from the decomposition of windrowed residues.     

The Signals Analysis System Based on Fast Wavelet Transform

The fast wavelet transform (FWT) algorithm in wavelet analysis was introduced in the paper. With quadrature mirror filters (QMF) associated with popular wavelet bases, the fast wavelet decomposition and reconstruction for signals were implemented. Combined with virtual instrument technique, the FWT analysis system for signals was successfully developed. The system can break up signal not only into approximations, which are the high-scale and low-frequency components of the signal, but also into details which are the low-scale and high-frequency components. Especially it can identify singularity signal, which contain some important message of equipment condition and fault, and refine signal from noisy signal, which is corrupted by noise.     

双环直径对土壤入渗速率的影响

双环法是测定土壤入渗速率最为广泛最为经典的方法,但双环直径可能影响土壤入渗速率测定结果,因其为地表积水有压入渗,在坡地上测定时,因整平地表时会产生很大扰动,从而产生测定误差。研究设计5组不同直径的双环入渗试验,分析双环直径对土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、累计入渗量的影响。结果表明:当双环内环直径分别为15,20,25,30cm时,初始入渗速率分别是常规内环直径为35cm双环的88.3%,110.8%,119.9%,100.7%,稳定入渗率分别是54%,73%,85%,89%。对不同时刻入渗速率进行T值检验发现,用内环直径为20,25,30cm双环测定的入渗过程与常用内径为35cm的双环测定土壤入渗过程无显著差异。考虑地表扰动因素、试验需水量等多因素的影响,可用内环直径20cm、外环直径为35cm的双环替代目前常规内环直径为35cm,外环直径为50cm的双环,用于坡地土壤入渗速率测定,可以减少地表扰动,从而准确测定土壤入渗率,又能节约用水量。     

松材线虫危害后马尾松林土壤氮素的矿化特性

选择合肥大蜀山森林公园受松材线虫危害程度不同的马尾松林为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验对林氮素的转化性质,增加了土壤氮素淋失的危险性。地土壤氮素矿化特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同林分土壤氮素转化速率差异显著(P<0.05),受损严重的林分氮素矿化速率显著高于轻度受损林分,特别是硝化速率更为显著(P<0.01)。松材线虫病危害改变了马尾松林土壤     

叶绿素降解菌的筛选与应用

以叶绿素为培养基成分,在不添加无机盐的条件下,从土壤中分离筛选得到一株能降解叶绿素的菌株;经过形态学鉴定,确定它为曲霉属中的一种,菌株命名为GLHZB319,保藏在中国典型培养物保藏中心内,保藏编号为CCTCC No:M2011101.在温度为30℃、摇床转速100 r/min、自然pH、GLHZB319菌株接种孢子量为1.0×106个/mL的培养条件下,把100 mL的叶绿素水溶液培养3d,溶液的吸光度值由0.310降解到0.002,降解率达到99％.     

我国耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策关系的计量研究

摘要依据国土资源部《全国土地利用变更调查报告》《中国国土资源公报》《新中国50年统计资料汇编》等数据,选取耕地数量变化和耕地保护政策两大指标,借助经济计量学理论以及Eviewes5．1软件,运用协整分析、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应等分析方法分析了改革开放以来我国耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策之间的关系。结果表明,耕地变化与耕地保护政策之间存在一种长期均衡关系,两者之间存在着某种机制在制约着变量的运动,使二者之间短期内的偏离不会太远,长期则会走向均衡;耕地变化与耕地保护政策之间存在单向的因果关系,即耕地变化与是耕地保护政策的Granger原因,而耕地保护政策不是耕地变化的Granger原因;脉;中响应以及方差分解表明,耕地变化对耕地保护政策具有较为持续的促进作用,且作用程度随着滞后期的加大而加强;耕地保护政策具有较强的惯性,主要受其自身以前水平的影响,耕地保护政策对耕地数量促进作用不太显著。因此,解决耕地过快减少问题的重要途径应是制定长期策略,强化耕地保护政策理论研究,加大耕地保护政策的制定、执行和监督力度。     

菹草在水体中腐烂分解试验研究

为了解于桥水库菹草腐烂分解后对水体理化指标和氮磷释放规律,在室内进行为期57 d的菹草腐烂分解试验。通过水质监测和取样化验,结果表明：菹草腐烂分解不伴随放热反应;分解分为前期的快速分解和后期的稳定释放2个过程;菹草体内磷的释放过程缓慢;在水体中氮磷不被转移的情况下,40 d左右菹草腐烂分解释放到水体中的氮磷达到峰值。     

用分解矩阵形式表达的Broyden族校正公式

在Broyden凸族建立了Hesse近似矩阵关于目标函数梯度向量等内积分解矩阵的校正公式,从而把由校正矩阵的等内积分解矩阵确定搜索方向的DFP和BFGS算法推广到Broyden凸族．