The effect of disturbance by Phellinus weirii on decomposition and nutrient mineralization in a Tsuga mertensiana forest

Summary Microbial biomass in the upper 7 cm of soil and needle decomposition on the forest floor were measured seasonally for 10 months in a mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) old-growth forest and in a regrowth forest after Phellinus weirii, a root-rot pathogen infection, had caused disturbance. The microbial biomass was higher in the old-growth forest soil than in the regrowth forest soil. However, T. mertensiana needle decomposition rates were higher in the regrowth than in the old-growth forest. Total N, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations in needles increased during the 1st year of decomposition in both the old and the regrowth forests, but P, K, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations decreased. N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in regrowth than in old-growth decomposing needles. During mineralization, needles in the regrowth forests released more N, P, and K as a result of higher needle decomposition rates. Our results suggest that higher needle decomposition rates increased the mineralization of N, P, and K, which may lead to increased soil fertility and faster tree growth rates in the regrowth forest.     

锥栗贮藏温度对淀粉降解速率的影响

研究了3个不同锥栗品种在1，5，10℃等不同温度下贮藏120 d，并研究了贮藏过程淀粉含量的变化和淀粉降解速率，将降解速率与贮藏温度、品质变化和贮藏时间相关联，建立了锥栗贮藏方程。根据该方程，淀粉的含量随贮藏时间和贮藏温度的提高而降低，在试验范围内，低温度效果比高温度效果好。锥栗的品质与贮藏时间、贮藏温度和品种有关。     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

Effects of fragmentation on pollinator assemblage, pollen limitation and seed production of Mediterranean myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Pollinator assemblages may shift as a consequence of the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. The scarcity of mates and pollinators can lead plant populations to suffer from pollen limitation and a decrease in reproductive performance within fragmented areas. We studied the shift in pollinator assemblages along with pollen limitation and seed production patterns in the Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis. Our study included six populations contrasting in patch and population size (Large vs. Small) within a fragmented landscape characterized by ∼1% of potential forest coverage. The breeding system in Myrtus communis was self-compatible, but compared with natural pollination, fruit set increased with pollen addition (quantity limited), and seed set (brood size) increased with outcross pollen addition (quality limited). While the pollinator assemblage in Large patches was taxonomically diverse, it was almost monopolized by honeybees in Small patches, where visitation rates were highest and wild bee species were almost absent. In general, Small populations were less pollen limited for fruit set than Large populations, particularly those that received the highest rates of honeybee visits. However, despite differences in fragmentation and pollinators between Large and Small populations, seed production patterns (brood size and seed mass) were rather similar among them, in agreement with similar pollen limitation levels found for brood size. A higher susceptibility of native pollinators to the presence of honeybee hives was found in Small patches, suggesting that the pollinator assemblage may be severely altered when fragmentation occurs in combination with beekeeping. We discuss its implications and effects on plant reproduction in fragmented areas.     

6个籼型水稻光温敏核不育系异交特性的研究

以３２０４Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、１１０３Ｓ和９４５１Ｓ等６个籼核不育系为材料,对其异交性能进行了研究。结果表明：（１）６个核流通 系的颖花开花率均高于对照珍汕９７Ａ;柱头外露率从高到低依次为１１０３Ｓ、珍汕９７Ａ（ＣＫ）、３２０４Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ;８９０６３Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ有花率比对照珍汕９７Ａ高,６个核不 系的平均张颖时间均比对照珍汕９７Ａ短;（２）     

氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础

 在大田高产条件下研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础。结果表明 ,适当提高氮素水平既能增加小麦籽粒产量又能提高蛋白质含量 ,使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量达到同步增加 ,氮素水平过高虽能够提高籽粒蛋白质含量 ,但籽粒产量下降。适当提高氮素水平可以提高源器官碳素同化能力和氮素同化能力 ,又能够促进开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中运转 ,增加籽粒中淀粉合成有关酶和氮素同化酶的活性 ,从而导致小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量同步增加。氮素水平过高 ,虽能促进源器官和籽粒中的氮素同化能力 ,但由于碳素同化酶和籽粒淀粉合成酶活性降低和开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中的运转效率降低 ,而导致小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高 ,产量下降。     

池杉林网凋落物特征的研究

通过对池杉(Taxodium ascendens)林网凋落量及凋落物干质量损失率的测定,对池杉林网凋落物特征进行了研究．结果表明：(1)池杉林网年凋落量5年生比4年生时,有比较明显的增大;10年生时,凋落量达4708．5kg/hm^2．(2)池杉林网月凋落量具有明显的季节变化规律,凋落过程呈现出双峰的W型变化,一年中出现2个高峰,第1个高峰期出现于冬季的12月和次年1月,其凋落量占年凋落总量的43．9％-45．8％;另一个高峰期出现在夏季的6-9月,其凋落量占年凋落总量的32．0％-45．8％．(3)池杉林网凋落物年干质量损失率为57．48％,年分解速率为1．0706,理论分解期(残留1％)为4．477年,10年生池杉林网凋落物现存量为7049．1kg／hm^2．     

固体水野外造林试验初报

为了寻找促进干旱半干旱地区植被恢复的新途径,对深圳市艾德迈尔科技有限公司发明的新型抗旱造林产品--"春之霖"固体水进行了研究.对使用固体水处理、秸杆覆盖处理、对照等措施进行对比试验,结果表明,固体水能够提供3个月以上的水分给苗木在干旱期中生长,使用固体水的供试苗木成活情况均在90%以上,其中山杏、白榆、青杨、沙棘和火炬树的成活分别比对照提高了32.6%,26.7%,24.2%,7.4%和61.1%.同时对固体水的释水情况进行了调查,结果表明,固体水前期的释水速度约为4 g/d,后期约为5 g/d,后期快于早期,正好为苗木进入旺盛生长提供必要的水分,可以较明显地提高造林成功率.