对应用土测值直接推荐磷肥用量方法的田间校验

田间试验得出:玉米施用磷肥最大效益与最高产量用量同土壤有效磷测得值的两个函数方程及其代表吉林省有效磷含量不同土壤的磷肥最大效益与最高产量推荐量;通过土壤有效磷含量不同(2.1～81.2mg/kg)的白浆土、黑土和淡黑钙土,74个磷肥量级田间校验得出,玉米施用磷肥最大效益与最高产量用量及其变幅(0～109.5 kg/hm2与10.1～125 kg/hm2);通过上述两项结果运算得出,"应用土测值直接推荐磷肥最佳用量法"的准确程度(田间校验获得的实际量与推荐量的吻合率高达92%)和精度(田间校验获得的实际量与推荐量的差值仅仅为-14.7%～15.3%与-13.1%～13.9%)均较高。     

吉林省不同类型土壤玉米施用钾肥效应研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同类型土壤上不同钾肥用量的效应以及土壤速效钾含量与玉米最佳施肥量的关系。结果表明:在不同类型土壤上,钾肥用量与玉米产量之间存在函数相关;土壤养分测定值与施钾量之间存在着密切的直线负相关,可将其作为玉米最佳施肥量的重要科学依据。     

竹粉花盆韧性和吸水厚度膨胀率的影响因素

以竹粉为原料模压花盆是充分利用且提高生物质原料价值的重要途径之一.对影响竹粉花盆韧性和吸水厚度膨胀率的工艺参数进行了试验研究,选取热压时间、聚乙烯用量和偶联剂用量为正交试验的因素.经过分析确定最优生产工艺参数:时间12 min,聚乙烯3％,偶联剂25％.优化试验测定结果:弹性模量为14.10MPa,静曲强度为13.54 MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为1.52％.     

不同浓度CO2对牛卵母细胞体外成熟和受精的影响

对牛卵巢卵泡内卵母细胞在不同浓度的CO2培养箱内体外成熟、体外受精后的卵裂率及胚胎体外发育进行了研究。结果显示,含5%小牛血清(CS)的TCM-199内的卵母细胞在2%CO2条件下培养20h后,达到第二次减数分裂期(MⅡ期)的卵子数明显高于在5%CO2条件下培养的卵母细胞数(P<0.05)。两种浓度的CO2条件下培养的牛卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率无明显差异,2%CO2浓度下培养的卵母细胞的囊胚发育率高于5%CO2浓度下培养的卵母细胞。     

黑龙江省主要阔叶树种绿枝扦插试验

在带岭林科所落叶松种子园大棚内进行了10个树种、3个采条时期、3种插穗处理和15种基质1350个组合的绿枝扦插试验。结果表明，同一树种的不同采条时期、不同插穗处理、不同基质和不同树种的同一采条时期、同一插穗处理、同一基质的生根效果不同，并有明显的交互作用。各树种最佳组合的生根率：刺五加80％、五味子70％、紫椴40％、花楸30％、水曲柳20％、黄菠萝20％、山槐20％、山梨10％、春榆10％、胡桃楸0。     

Experimental determinations of factors affecting the sink rates of baited hooks to minimize seabird mortality in pelagic longline fisheries

• 1. An experiment was conducted in Australia's pelagic longline fishery to establish a scientific basis for the introduction of line weighting to reduce seabird mortality. The experiment examined the effects of different bait species (blue mackerel, yellow‐tail mackerel and squid), bait life status (dead or alive), weight of leaded swivels (60 g, 100 g and 160 g) and leader length (distance between leaded swivel and hooks: 2 m, 3 m and 4 m) on the sink rates of baited hooks from 0–6 m deep.
• 2. On average, live bait sank much more slowly than dead bait. The sink rates of individual live bait were highly variable: many were <2 m underwater 18 s after deployment, including some on the heaviest swivels, and some were <10 m deep after 120 s.
• 3. Within the dead bait group, all three swivel weights on 3 m and 4 m leaders sank at similar rates. Initial sink rates (e.g. 0–2 m) were 2–3 times slower than final rates (e.g. 4–6 m) for all combinations of swivel weight and leader length. The fastest initial and final sink rates were associated with heavy swivels placed close to hooks.
• 4. The results show that (a) compared with dead bait, live bait greatly increases the exposure of baited hooks to seabirds; (b) initial sink rates of dead bait are increased by placing leaded swivels close to hooks and final rates by increasing the weight of the swivels; (c) adding weight to long leaders makes little difference to sink rates; and (d) the small (incremental) changes to swivel weights and leader lengths typically preferred by industry will be difficult to detect at sea and unlikely to substantially reduce seabird mortality.
• 5. We suggest that experiments designed to reduce seabird mortality from that associated with 60 g swivels and ～3.5 m leaders (the preferred option by industry) should aim to expedite the initial sink rates as well as rates to deeper depths. This objective could be achieved by including branch lines with ≥120 g swivels ≤2 m in comparative assessments of the effectiveness of line weighting regimes in reducing seabird mortality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

不同条件下核桃青皮腐解物对土壤肥力的影响

【目的】研究不同腐解条件下核桃青皮腐解物对土壤化学和生物学性质的影响,探讨核桃青皮的还田效应,筛选最佳腐解条件,为有效利用核桃青皮提供科学依据。【方法】以铁核桃青皮为试材,将核桃青皮与土壤混合进行腐解试验,研究不同腐解时间(0,10,20,30,40,50,60d)、腐解温度(15,25,35℃)以及青皮与土壤不同配比(0∶100(CK),1∶100,5∶100,10∶100,质量比)条件下核桃青皮腐解对土壤化学特性、养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量的影响。【结果】在不同腐解时间试验中,与0d(未腐解)处理相比,核桃青皮腐解降低了土壤EC值和过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性,提高了蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有机碳、有机质含量以及真菌、放线菌数量的最大值多出现在10~30d,其中又以20d居多。在不同腐解温度处理中,除全氮、全磷、全钾含量及过氧化氢酶活性和放线菌数量外,其他测定指标的峰值均出现在常温(25℃)处理中。青皮与土壤不同配比试验中,土壤pH、EC值、全氮、总有机碳、有机质、全钾含量,以及脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性、放线菌数量大体上随青皮添加比例的增加而增大,当青皮与土壤配比为10∶100时均达最大值。【结论】核桃青皮腐解能有效提高土壤养分含量,增强土壤酶活性,增加微生物数量,可以改善和提高土壤肥力。就改善土壤肥力方面而言,核桃青皮的最佳腐解条件为:腐解时间20d、常温(25℃)和青皮与土壤配比为10∶100。     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

Growth and survival of the juvenile yellowleg shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis cohabiting with the green feather alga Caulerpa sertularioides at different temperatures

This study was performed to determine the growth and survival patterns of the juvenile yellowleg shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis cohabiting with the green feather alga Caulerpa sertularioides over a range of temperatures (18, 22, 25, 28 and 32°C) found throughout the year in the Gulf of California. From an initial weight of 46 ± 10 mg, shrimp cohabiting with green feather algae increased in weight by an average of 0.57 (±0.07), 5.44 (±0.45), 6.36 (±0.37), 7.66 (±0.26) and 5.96 (±0.59) g at 18, 22, 25, 28 and 32°C, respectively, whereas shrimp grown without seaweed increased in weight by an average of 0.28 (±0.026), 2.66 (±0.24), 3.15 (±0.49), 4.00 (±0.67), and 3.54 (±0.09) g respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed for the growth rates of juvenile yellowleg shrimp in the presence of C. sertularioides and peak growth was observed at 28°C in experiments with macroalgae. No significant differences were observed for shrimp survival except at 32°C without macroalgae, where survival was lower. These results suggest a beneficial and growth‐promoting effect of cohabitation with live C. sertularioides on F. californiensis.     

农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果

为了探讨农田不同肥力对玉米秸秆腐解转化和能态变化的影响,该文采用砂滤管法在陕西关中高、中等、低3种肥力塿土上进行了480 d的玉米秸秆腐解试验,研究了腐解进程中玉米秸秆的分解率以及有机碳组成和能态变化。结果显示,随着腐解进行,腐解产物中的苯–醇溶性、水溶性组分下降,半纤维素和纤维素含量先上升后下降,而木质素增加;腐解物的能态呈现上下起伏、下降和相对稳定3个阶段的变化,总体是一个放能过程。腐解产物的热值与其有机碳、苯–醇溶性组分、水溶性组分、半纤维素和纤维素呈显著正相关,但与其灰分、木质素、腐殖物质含量呈显著负相关。腐解480 d,3种肥力间比较发现,玉米秸秆在中等肥力田块上矿化率最高,低肥力田块上的最低;中等肥力土壤能够促进玉米秸秆中的水溶性有机组分和木质素的分解,而高肥力土壤能够促进苯–醇溶性组分和半纤维素、纤维素分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成,而且腐解物的能态最高。