中国荷斯坦种公牛BLAD遗传缺陷的分子检测及系谱分析

本试验运用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链式反应（RFLP-PCR）方法,检测我国荷斯坦种公牛白细胞粘附缺陷（bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency,BLAD）基因的携带频率。共检测了来自全国14个公牛站的587头种公牛,发现BLAD携带者8头,携带率为1.36%。对现有公牛系谱信息分析显示,携带者公牛来自美国、加拿大和中国,其中6头携带者公牛可以追溯到共同祖先Osborndale Ivanhoe。此外,本研究还对我国荷斯坦牛遗传缺陷的控制和携带者公牛的利用提出建议。     

Effect of passive pneumoperitoneum on oesophageal pressure, cardiovascular parameters and blood gas analysis in horses

Reasons for performing study: Standing surgical procedures are being employed to an ever‐greater extent in horses. Pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery might adversely affect the work of breathing. Objectives: To determine whether development of pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery adversely influences the work of breathing. Methods: Eight healthy mature horses were equipped with carotid artery and thoracic vena cava catheters and an intraluminal manometry system. The following measurements were obtained before and at +5, +10, +15 and +30 min following establishment of pneumoperitoneum by paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle: vital signs, oesophageal pressure, gastric pressure, arterial and central venous blood pressures, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses. Results: Significant changes in oesophageal pressure, central venous pressure and results of arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis were not detected. Arterial diastolic and mean pressures and rectal temperature increased slightly (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Passive pneumoperitoneum did not adversely affect breathing mechanics or haemodynamic variables under experimental conditions. Changes in arterial pressure could have occurred as a response to the passive pneumoperitoneum or be related to handling stress. Subtle variations in rectal temperature were not clinically relevant and likely resulted from stress associated with restraint. Potential relevance: It is unlikely that mature horses will develop signs of respiratory difficulty as a result of the development of passive pneumoperitoneum during standing laparoscopy.     

应用灰色关联度对白羊草生产性能的综合评价

对4个居群白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）在晋中的生长适应性性状指标,包括干草产量、干鲜比、叶茎比、株高、秆粗、节数、叶片数、粗蛋白质等,进行了灰色关联分析。结果表明,在晋中地区生产性能表现最好的是太谷居群,其次为平定和代县居群,而平鲁居群的生产性能较低。各项指标的权重大小顺序为：粗灰分中性洗涤纤维酸性洗涤纤维秆粗节间长叶长粗脂肪单株干重叶宽株高叶茎比干鲜比粗蛋白质节数干草产量叶片数。     

桑树内生真菌的分离、鉴定及其多样性分析

用组织分离法从不同桑树品种的器官组织中共分离出内生真菌114株,经显微形态观察,鉴定114株内生真菌分别归属于镰孢霉属Fusarium、链格孢属Alternaria、柱霉属Scytalidium等21个属,表明桑树内生真菌具有丰富的生物多样性。不同桑树品种树体内的内生真菌分布有一定差异。同一桑树品种不同器官组织的内生真菌种类和数量差异较大,根中最多,茎中次之,叶中最少。其中:镰孢霉属为根中优势种群,链格孢属为茎、叶中的优势种群;丛梗孢属Monilia和镰孢霉属菌株在根、茎、叶中均能分离到,其它属的菌株只存在于其中的某一个或两个器官组织。研究结果有助于进一步探讨桑树内生真菌与生理活性物质的关系。     

新城疫病毒山东分离株ShD-5-06 F和HN基因序列分析

从山东济南某非典型新城疫发病鸡群中分离到一株新城疫病毒株（ShD-5—06）,研究其生物学特性表明,该病毒具有新城疫强毒株的一些特征。从该分离株扩增出其F和HN基因,并与标准株进行同源性比较,为探讨NDV是否发生变异提供理论依据。本试验通过RT—PCR法特异性地扩增出F和HN基因全基因序列,并对其与已经发表的序列进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果表明,ShD-5—06株的F和HN基因开放性阅读框架（ORF）为1662bp和1716bp,分别编码489个和571个氨基酸。与国外发表的部分新城疫病毒强毒株和弱毒株之间相应序列进行比较,F基因核苷酸序列的同源性在84．1％～88．7％之间,氨基酸同源性在88．1％～93．3％之间;HN基因核苷酸序列的同源性在82．19,5～87．4％之间,氨基酸同源性在88．6％～90．9%之间;F蛋白裂解位点区（112～117）氨基酸组成与强毒株一致,说明NDV山东分离株（ShD-5—06）为新城疫强毒株。     

杠板归化学成分分析及抗菌效果研究

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸层析法,分析了杠板归的化学成分.结果表明,杠板归含有酚类、有机酸、生物碱、氨基酸、鞣质、黄酮、蒽醌、甙类、糖类、植物甾醇及三萜类等化学成分.用纸片法和试管法对杠板归水提取液进行了体外抗茵作用试验.结果表明,杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵等兽医临床常见病原微生物都有较强的抗菌作用,抑茵圈直径分别为21.86 mm±0.83mm、13.28 mm±0.46 mm、18.46 mm±0.73 mm、15.67 mm±0.31 mm和17.69 mm±0.56 mm;杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.031、0.25、0.063、0.125、0.063 g/mL.最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.031、0.5、0.063、0.25、0.125 g/mL.     

鲁北滨海地区引种豆科牧草的灰色关联度分析

试验在鲁北滨海地区对经一般观察后初步入选的１４种豆科牧草进行了观察，并采用灰色关联度分析法以干草产量、鲜草产量、繁殖系数、折干率、叶量率、生长速度为主要指标进行综合评价。结果表明：综合性状最好的豆科牧草是草木樨属牧草，其中白花草木樨尤为突出；其次为沙打旺和美国苜蓿，也是适于鲁北滨海地区种植的豆科牧草。     

冰草的远缘杂交及杂种分析

蒙古冰草隶属于冰草属的二倍体种，原产于内蒙古。航道冰草是从北美引进的栽培品种隶属于扁穗冰草种，亦为二倍体种，为了将蒙古冰草的优良抗性基因和航道冰草的优良品质基因相结合，进行二倍体种间的远缘杂交。杂种Ｆ１全部为二倍体，其形态学特征介于双亲之间。杂种Ｆ１ ＰＭＣ ＭⅠ的染色体平均配对构型为：２．０９Ⅰ，４．８６Ⅱ，０．４８Ⅲ，０．２４Ⅳ及０．２９Ⅴ。     

不同生长阶段群体数量特征对产草量作用的分析

在相同的光，温，水，肥条件下，同时对营养生长期的高羊茅和生殖生长期的多年生黑麦草人工草地产草量和群体数量特征的定量关系进行研究。在营养生长期，参数的变异程度小于生殖生长期。营养生长期各因子对产草量直接作用的程度排序这：叶面积指数〉草丛高度〉分蘖密度，生殖生长期为；草丛高度〉叶面积指数〉分蘖密度。     

GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations

In 2012, genetically engineered (GE) crops were grown by 17.3 million farmers on over 170 million hectares. Over 70% of harvested GE biomass is fed to food producing animals, making them the major consumers of GE crops for the past 15 plus years. Prior to commercialization, GE crops go through an extensive regulatory evaluation. Over one hundred regulatory submissions have shown compositional equivalence, and comparable levels of safety, between GE crops and their conventional counterparts. One component of regulatory compliance is whole GE food/feed animal feeding studies. Both regulatory studies and independent peer-reviewed studies have shown that GE crops can be safely used in animal feed, and rDNA fragments have never been detected in products (e.g. milk, meat, eggs) derived from animals that consumed GE feed. Despite the fact that the scientific weight of evidence from these hundreds of studies have not revealed unique risks associated with GE feed, some groups are calling for more animal feeding studies, including long-term rodent studies and studies in target livestock species for the approval of GE crops. It is an opportune time to review the results of such studies as have been done to date to evaluate the value of the additional information obtained. Requiring long-term and target animal feeding studies would sharply increase regulatory compliance costs and prolong the regulatory process associated with the commercialization of GE crops. Such costs may impede the development of feed crops with enhanced nutritional characteristics and durability, particularly in the local varieties in small and poor developing countries. More generally it is time for regulatory evaluations to more explicitly consider both the reasonable and unique risks and benefits associated with the use of both GE plants and animals in agricultural systems, and weigh them against those associated with existing systems, and those of regulatory inaction. This would represent a shift away from a GE evaluation process that currently focuses only on risk assessment and identifying ever diminishing marginal hazards, to a regulatory approach that more objectively evaluates and communicates the likely impact of approving a new GE plant or animal on agricultural production systems.