小型生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性试验

为探明生物质燃气各组分相对含量对发动机工作稳定性的影响,在一台小型火花点火发动机上进行了生物质燃气发动机循环变动试验研究,着重分析了理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值、H2含量(H2在CH4-H2中的体积分数)及CO2含量(CO2在CH4-H2-CO2中的体积分数)的变化对燃烧稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,燃料组分对燃烧稳定性有较大影响。在本试验中,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值较小、燃料组分中H2含量较低时(如理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.4、H2的体积分数为25%及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为17%),CO2含量对燃烧稳定性起支配作用,CO2含量的增加导致循环变动增加(上述工况的平均指示压力循环变动系数均超过了10%),在个别条件下导致部分燃烧。随着理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量的增加,CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用逐渐减弱,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量达到一定程度时(理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为33%及50%,以及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.8所对应的所有H2含量条件)CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用已不明显。通过改变燃料组分条件的方法,能够提高生物质燃气发动机的工作稳定性。该研究的成果对生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性、经济性及排放特性改善,以及生物质燃气发动机技术应用、推广均有重要指导意义。     

Characterizing the Anti-HIV Activity of Papuamide A

Papuamide A is representative of a class of marine derived cyclic depsipeptides, reported to have cytoprotective activity against HIV-1 in vitro. We show here that papuamide A acts as an entry inhibitor, preventing human immunodeficiency virus infection of host cells and that this inhibition is not specific to R5 or X4 tropic virus. This inhibition of viral entry was determined to not be due to papuamide A binding to CD4 or HIV gp120, the two proteins involved in the cell-virus recognition and binding. Furthermore, papuamide A was able to inhibit HIV pseudotype viruses expressing envelope glycoproteins from vesicular stomatitis virus or amphotropic murine leukemia virus indicating the mechanism of viral entry inhibition is not HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein specific. Time delayed addition studies with the pseudotyped viruses show that papuamide A inhibits viral infection only at the initial stage of the viral life cycle. Additionally, pretreatment studies revealed that the virus, and not the cell, is the target of papuamide A’s action. Together, these results suggest a direct virucidal mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition by papuamide A. We also demonstrate here that the other papuamides (B-D) are able to inhibit viral entry indicating that the free amino moiety of 2,3-diaminobutanoic acid residue is not required for the virucidal activity.     

浙北平原创新发展农业循环经济模式选择和对策

嘉兴地处浙北水网平原,其农耕历史悠久,传统农业发达,农业废弃物资源十分丰富,开发利用潜力巨大。在当前建设现代都市型农业发展中,面对资源环境的制约,如何利用农业废弃物资源和治理农业面源污染任务艰巨。为此,应创新农业废弃物资源化利用方式,构建多种循环农业新模式,建设生态高效农业,形成低能耗、低排放、能循环、高效率的多元化循环农业发展模式,不断开发农业循环经济新产业。本文提出了创新发展农业循环经济的几种主要典型模式,并对如何发展农业循环经济新产业提出了自己的见解。     

Lyngbyastatins 8–10, Elastase Inhibitors with Cyclic Depsipeptide Scaffolds Isolated from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena

Investigation of an extract from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena, collected in Tumon Bay, Guam, led to the identification of three new cyclodepsipeptides, lyngbyastatins 8–10 (1–3). The structures of 1–3 were determined by NMR, MS, ESIMS fragmentation and chemical degradation. Compounds 1–3 are closely related to lyngbyastatins 4–7. Like the latter compounds, we found 1–3 to inhibit porcine pancreatic elastase, with IC₅₀ values of 123 nM, 210 nM and 120 nM, respectively.     

Changes in endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic factor and the effect of atrial natriuretic factor on the change of endothelin-1 in asthmatic guinea pigs

AIM: To investigate the possible role of endothelin(ET-1) in asthma pathogenesis and the effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on changes of ET-1. METHODS: Measuring the contents of endothelin-1(ET-1),atrial natriuretic factor(ANF),cGMP in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of guinea pigs. RESULTS: The contents of ET-1, ANF and cGMP in asthma group were higher than that of the control group; There was a significant negative correlation between ET-1 and ANF( r=-0.638,P <0.05) in plasma of the asthma group, and a significantly negative correlation between ET-1 and ANF( r=-0.921,P <0.01) in BALF of the asthma group. There was a significantly positive correlation between ANF and cGMP( r=0.848,P <0.01) in plasma of the asthma group,and a significantly positive correlation between ANF and cGMP ( r=0.831,P <0.01) in BALF of the asthma group. The levels ET-1 in the asthma+rat ANF(rANF) group were lower than those in the asthma group,and the levels of cGMP in the asthma+rat ANF(rANF) group were higher than those in the asthma group after ceasing to infuse rANF for guinea pigs for 30 minutes.CONCLUSION: ET-1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.ANF might inhibit production of ET-1.     

Marine Cyclic Peptides: Antimicrobial Activity and Synthetic Strategies

Oceans are a rich source of structurally unique bioactive compounds from the perspective of potential therapeutic agents. Marine peptides are a particularly interesting group of secondary metabolites because of their chemistry and wide range of biological activities. Among them, cyclic peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including against bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Moreover, there are several examples of marine cyclic peptides revealing interesting antimicrobial activities against numerous drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making these compounds a very promising resource in the search for novel antimicrobial agents to revert multidrug-resistance. This review summarizes 174 marine cyclic peptides with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral properties. These natural products were categorized according to their sources—sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, crabs, marine bacteria, and fungi—and chemical structure—cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. The antimicrobial activities, including against drug-resistant microorganisms, unusual structural characteristics, and hits more advanced in (pre)clinical studies, are highlighted. Nocathiacins I–III (91–93), unnarmicins A (114) and C (115), sclerotides A (160) and B (161), and plitidepsin (174) can be highlighted considering not only their high antimicrobial potency in vitro, but also for their promising in vivo results. Marine cyclic peptides are also interesting models for molecular modifications and/or total synthesis to obtain more potent compounds, with improved properties and in higher quantity. Solid-phase Fmoc- and Boc-protection chemistry is the major synthetic strategy to obtain marine cyclic peptides with antimicrobial properties, and key examples are presented guiding microbiologist and medicinal chemists to the discovery of new antimicrobial drug candidates from marine sources.     

我国循环经济立法方向刍议

根据国外的经验,循环经济立法多从某个特定的方向开始,然后逐渐形成一个完整的体系。我国虽然制定了《循环经济促进法》这一循环经济基本法,但是不论在实践中、还是在立法上都存在很多不足和缺陷。目前循环经济是实现可持续发展的最好途径之一,建立完善的循环经济法律体系,应先确定立法方向。     

温室番茄循环曝气地下滴灌土壤水分动态及耗水特性

为探求循环曝气地下滴灌对温室番茄土壤水分及耗水特性的影响规律,采用正交试验,研究了不同滴灌带埋深、曝气水平及灌水量对温室番茄土壤含水率、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响.整个生育期内番茄耗水量呈先增大后减小的趋势,曝气处理番茄耗水量显著高于不曝气处理.相比于不曝气处理,曝气滴灌处理番茄产量提高10%.15 cm滴灌带埋深、溶氧值30 mg/L以及K_P为0.75灌水量处理的番茄产量和水分利用效率达到最大值,分别为64 951.3 kg/hm²和23.26 kg/(hm²·mm).结果表明,曝气处理对番茄产量、水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05).曝气对于土壤含水率有一定影响,且曝气处理有助于番茄对水分的吸收.滴灌带埋深和灌水量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),滴灌带埋深和曝气量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01),灌水量与滴灌带埋深、灌水量与曝气水平交互作用分别对番茄水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01).     

空心胶合木梁柱式结构抗侧力性能研究

为研究空心胶合木梁柱式结构体系抗侧力性能,对纯框架及框架-人字撑两种单跨结构试件进行了单调及低周反复加载试验,考察了结构破坏模式、耗能能力、刚度等抗震性能。结果表明:纯框架与框架-人字撑结构均具有一定抗侧力性能,但纯框架结构承载能力较弱,不建议单独用于工程实践;框架-人字撑结构具较大抗侧刚度及承载力,分别为纯框架的6.3倍及2.68倍,但其延性仅为纯框架的67%。两种结构失效前强度退化小于30%,具足够剩余承载力。     

板蓝根指标成分分布分析及药材质量评价研究

为测定多产地板蓝根药材中精氨酸、靛蓝、靛玉红、(R,S)-告依春、核苷类含量,分析含量分布情况,并进行板蓝根药材质量评价研究。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定不同产地来源的11个板蓝根样品7个指标成分含量,通过因子分析和分层聚类分析方法进行成分分布分析和质量评价研究。结果表明靛蓝、靛玉红、鸟苷、尿苷、腺苷对不同产地板蓝根评价贡献最大,这5种指标成分可作为产区间区分和评价指标,以此评价体系板蓝根按产区分为河北省产区、甘肃-山东-安徽产区和东北三省产区,其中河北省产板蓝根品质最优异。