耕地生产力隐性退化遥感监测与影响因素分析

以江苏省永久耕地为例,基于2001—2019年中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)遥感影像,开展耕地生产力隐性退化遥感监测和影响因素分析。BFAST(Breaks for additive seasonal and trend)算法用于建模历史时期耕地生产力变化的预期行为,并以此为基准判断监测时期耕地生产力是否存在隐性退化风险。基于地理探测器,从3个准则层的8项指标变量对耕地生产力隐性退化进行了主导影响因素探测和因子交互分析。研究结果表明：江苏省存在生产力隐性退化的耕地比例为21.9%,具有显著的空间差异。西北地区的徐州市、宿迁市的耕地生产力隐性退化比例最高,分别为47.2%和43.4%,且表现出聚集性。东南地区的苏州市、无锡市和南通市的耕地生产力隐性退化比例较低,均不足10%。因子探测分析表明外流人口数量、种植业从业人员数量和农业机械化总动力3项指标对江苏省耕地生产力隐性退化的解释力最强。多因子交互耦合后,人口因素与生产条件解释力增强最为显著。耕地生产力隐性退化的地域分异类型划分为生产条件约束型...     

牧草干燥太阳能聚焦吸收器机理分析与优化

目前太阳能干燥设备是以非聚焦板式空气集热器为关键工作部件,其干燥效率和生产率均较低。为此,研究了太阳能聚焦吸收器的黑腔功能,利用该功能减少聚焦光线对外二次辐射和能量损失。设计4种结构类型的太阳能聚焦吸收器,进行了性能机理研究和对比分析,其中三角形聚焦吸收器呈现出良好的黑腔效果。进一步对三角形聚焦吸收装置进行优化,得出吸收器内腔深度在4 cm左右时性能最佳。对4种吸收器进行了试验测试,结果表明,三角形优于圆弧形,圆弧形优于方形,性能最差的是半圆形。吸收器开口宽度为5 cm时的黑腔效果低于开口宽度为3 cm时的效果。盖板形状对吸收器性能产生影响,平板优于圆形,V形最差。     

晋中市耕地质量空间分异格局与影响因素研究

耕地质量空间分异格局分析对提升耕地保护有效性具有现实意义。以晋中市2794个行政村为研究单元,基于2017年晋中市国家耕地质量评价结果,采用累积分布函数、空间自相关、地理探测器及GIS分组分析等方法,分析晋中市耕地质量空间分异特征及16个因子对其影响及交互作用。研究表明：耕地规模由晋中西部平原地区向东部山区呈“梯度递减”;耕地质量偏向低值集聚,空间正相关性集聚特征显著,其中HH型主要分布在晋中北部及西部,LL型主要分布在东南部及西南部;集聚类型与耕地国家经济等指数分布保持空间一致性。耕地质量空间分异与影响因子密切相关,是多个因子交互作用的结果;从市域看,自然要素的解释力度较强;双因子交互作用驱动力强于单因子,且以非线性增强为主。基于耕地质量空间分异特征,将晋中市分为耕地高质量区、中质量区和低质量区;高质量区的主导因素为有效土层厚度和田块平整度,属自然要素及工程要素驱动型;中质量区的主导因素为有效土层厚度、单位面积农业机械投入量和灌溉保证率,属综合要素驱动型;低质量区的主导因素为地貌、坡度、耕作距离、灌溉保证率和田块平整度,属综合要素驱动型。     

基于阻隔因素的耕地质量分等因素插值方法研究

在山地丘陵区,耕地质量等级调查评价中的分等因素属性值估算受到大、中型山体阻隔影响,造成分等单元各分等因素属性赋值结果的失准。以青海省平安区为研究区,研究基于阻隔因素的分等因素属性值估算方法,并与反距离权重插值、样条函数插值方法进行了交叉验证。结果表明:不同的插值方法对3个分等因素空间分布趋势的模拟基本一致;由于插值原数据的特征与插值原理的不同,导致基于阻隔因素的插值方法对不同的土壤性质表现不一致。土壤有机质和有效土层厚度最适宜的插值方法是基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值,而在土壤pH值插值中,基于阻隔因素的反距离权重插值精度最高;研究区内的土壤有机质含量和有效土层厚度的插值精度比不考虑阻隔因素的样条函数插值的平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、均方根误差、相对均方根误差分别提高了11. 23%、10. 98%、7. 54%、9. 20%和15. 08%、11. 74%、17. 41%、9. 40%;采用基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值方法对有机质含量和有效土层厚度进行插值,二者实测值与预测值之间的决定系数分别为0. 927和0. 901。     

设施农业介质消毒技术与设备的现状和发展

针对设施农业高密度栽培及同一地块上连年种植作物,使得土传病害、病原菌得以不断的积累、生长和繁殖而造成严重减产或降低产品质量的问题,论述了栽培介质消毒技术与设备的国内外应用现状,介绍了当前常用栽培介质消毒方法及设备的原理与研究成果,指出了不同消毒方法及设备所存在的问题及适用状况;分析和讨论了设施农业栽培介质消毒设备的技术发展.作为设施农业代表性的核心装备之一,高度机械化、无污染、高新技术的运用是其主要的发展趋势.     

牧草收割机械的现状和发展趋势

针对浙江省牧草畜牧业和草坪种植业的发展,分析了国内外草业收割机械的现状以及浙江省发展牧草收割机械的机遇,并提出浙江省牧草收割机械应向价格低廉、与已普及的农机具配套使用、适合小田块和丘陵地区作业的牧草收割机械方向发展,认为研制一种既能适用于牧草收割与荒地杂草的整理又能适用于绿化草坪的维护和修剪的中小型割草机是十分必要的.     

草栽与木栽灵芝营养成分的比较分析

分析比较了象草（Pennisetum purpurenum）栽培灵芝与 椴树（Tilia tuan） 段木栽培灵芝的氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素含量。结果表明,象草栽培灵芝的营养成分接近甚至略高于段木培养的灵芝。     

Genomic prediction for yields,processing and nutritional quality traits in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Current potato breeding approaches are hampered by several factors including costly seed tubers, tetrasomic inheritance and inbreeding depression. Genomic selection (GS) demonstrated interesting results regardless of the ploidy level, and can be harnessed to circumvent these problems. In this work, three GS models were evaluated using 50,107 informative SilicoDArT markers and 11 traits in two values for cultivation and use (VCU) potato trials. Two key breeding problems modelled included predicting the performance of (i) new and unphenotyped clones (cross‐validation) and (ii) a VCU using another as training set (TS). GS models performed comparably. Cross‐validation accuracy was high for D35, D45, DMW and BVAL, in ascending order. Prediction accuracies of the VCUs were highly correlated, but the best prediction was obtained for the smaller VCU using the bigger as TS. Cross‐validation and VCU prediction accuracies were higher when bigger TSs were used. The findings herein indicate that GS can be attractively integrated in potato breeding, particularly in early clonal generations to predict and select for traits with low heritability which would otherwise require more testing years, environments and resources.     

Drivers of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult growth and impact on forage quality in lowland Switzerland meadows

Invasive grasses (especially Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult) increasingly threaten meadows and pastures as a consequence of human impact and climate change. We conducted a study in 2012 and in 2013 to better understand the growing cycle and the influence of S. pumila on forage quality of lowland meadows. We observed a rapid increase of S. pumila presence and phytomass on the southern side of the Alps across the growing season. We measured (i) above‐ground phytomass, with a modified Corral‐Fenlon method; (ii) botanical composition using the linear point quadrat method; and (iii) grassland chemical composition by NIRs (near‐infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To test the hypothesis that S. pumila summer growth is related to specific climatic conditions, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration) were collected from meteorological stations near the study sites. Total phytomass was sorted into S. pumila and other species. We used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and found the abundance of S. pumila to be inversely correlated with rainfall and the presence of other species, but positively correlated with temperature increase. The increase of S. pumila above‐ground phytomass production was linked to a reduction of forage quality.     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.