Sexual dimorphism of fast muscle fibre recruitment in farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

Commercially farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) were reared at the Aga Marin's facility located on Dønna (Norway) under ambient environmental conditions in duplicate 15 × 15 × 8 m netpens (May 2004 to May 2005). Twenty fish were sampled five times over a twelve month production period during which time the average body weight increased from 1.26 to 2.08 kg (n = 100 fish). Body mass, fork length (L_F), and the number and size distributions of fast muscle fibres were determined in male and female fish. All males matured during the autumn whereas no maturation was observed in females. From the point of maturation females had superior growth performance to males and body mass and the total cross-sectional area of muscle were 1.4-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.3-fold higher (P < 0.01) respectively by May 2005. The total number of fast muscle fibres per trunk cross-section at 0.55 L_F was 24.5% higher in females (7.58 × 10⁵) than males (5.80 × 10⁵) prior to sexual maturation. In females, muscle fibre recruitment slowed with short days and low water temperatures (< 6.5 °C), but had increased to 1.01 × 10⁶ by May 2005 (P < 0.001). In contrast, there was no growth and no increase in muscle fibre number in males following the onset of maturation. The distribution of muscle fibre diameters prior to maturation in males was also significantly different between male and female fish matched for L_F. The results illustrate a sexual dimorphism of muscle fibre recruitment patterns in Atlantic halibut and highlight the adverse affects of sexual maturation in males on muscle growth.     

不同饲粮粗蛋白质水平对20～35kg淮猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为研究不同饲粮粗蛋白质水平对20~35 kg淮猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,选择48头遗传背景相似、初始体重约20 kg的淮猪,按随机区组设计分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头淮猪,公母各半。3个试验组等能量水平下（12.78 MJ/kg）分别饲喂低（14.53%）、中（15.55%）、高（16.62%）3种不同粗蛋白质水平的饲粮。猪体重达35 kg左右结束试验。饲养试验共49 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果显示,日采食量,中等蛋白质组分别比低蛋白质组和高蛋白质组高8.55%和5.77%;日增重,低蛋白质组和中等蛋白质组相同,均比高蛋白质组高9.09%;料重比,低蛋白质组分别比中等蛋白质组和高蛋白质组低4.19%和8.63%。血清尿素氮含量,低蛋白质组分别比中等蛋白质组和高蛋白质组低16.25%（P〈0.05）和11.96%（P〉0.05）,说明低蛋白质组猪对饲料蛋白质的利用率高于中等蛋白质组和高蛋白质组;中等蛋白质组血清中葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量略低于其它试验组,而血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量略高于其它试验组;低、中、高蛋白质组血清中白蛋白含量依次递减。本试验结果表明,20~35 kg淮猪饲粮蛋白质适宜水平为14.53%。     

饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能(ME)和粗蛋白质(CP)水平对蛋鸭产蛋期不同阶段产蛋性能的影响。采用3×3两因子完全随机试验设计,ME水平分别为10.88、10.46和10.04 MJ/kg,CP水平分别为18.26%、17.07%和16.42%,选取刚开产的福建龙岩麻鸭1 674羽,随机分为9个组,每组6个重复,每个重复31羽。试验共持续32周。结果表明:1)产蛋初期(16~18周龄),饲粮ME和CP水平均未显著影响蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比(P>0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭平均蛋重有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。2)产蛋高峰期(19~39周龄),饲粮ME水平显著影响蛋鸭平均蛋重(P<0.05)。饲粮ME水平为10.88和10.46 MJ/kg组的平均蛋重显著高于10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。饲粮CP水平未显著影响蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比(P>0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重和料蛋比没有显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。3)产蛋后期(40~47周龄),饲粮ME水平为10.46 MJ/kg组的产蛋率和日产蛋重显著高于10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05);10.88 MJ/kg组的平均蛋重显著高于10.46和10.04 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。饲粮CP水平为18.26%组的产蛋率、日产蛋重显著高于17.07%和16.42%组(P<0.05),料蛋比显著低于17.07%和16.42%组(P<0.05)。饲粮ME和CP水平对蛋鸭日产蛋重有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。综合考虑产蛋性能指标,产蛋初期、高峰期和后期龙岩麻鸭饲粮适宜的ME和CP水平分别为10.88、10.46、10.46 MJ/kg和17.07%、17.07%、18.26%,每日ME和CP需要量分别为1.47、1.60、1.48 MJ和22.96、26.16、25.81 g,饲粮的蛋能比分别为15.62、16.35、17.44 g/MJ。     

不同贮藏条件对槟榔品质的影响

以新鲜槟榔为试材,研究不同包装方式与气体成分的保鲜效果。通过测定不同时间段果实的失重率、腐烂率及粗纤维含量,得出CA处理组优于MA处理组,即通过调节环境中的02与CO2含量可以延长槟榔的保鲜期,而由腐烂率及切分后槟榔的表观可以看出,CA2-2,即网兜装槟榔,置于023％、CO220％的气调瓶贮藏,效果最佳,贮藏30d较好保持槟榔果实原有品质。     

不同山药品种糖含量的比较分析

采用不同的测定方法,对6个不同山药品种中的还原糖、总糖及粗多糖进行测定。结果表明:不同品种间的糖含量存在一定的差异,其中‘明豆子’中的还原糖、总糖和粗多糖的含量最高,含量分别为0.1485%、0.3812%、0.2246%,其余品种不同的组分含量有所差异,综合分析‘明豆子’的市场开发价值最高。     

Effects of species richness and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for methane yields from anaerobic digestion: results from a grassland diversity experiment

Changes in livestock production systems have led to land‐use changes and abandonment, especially of semi‐natural grassland in agriculturally less favoured regions. The generation of energy from biomass of extensive, high‐diversity grasslands can be an alternative to their abandonment, and anaerobic digestion is one possible method for converting grassland biomass into energy. However, little is known about the effects of species richness (SR) and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for anaerobic digestion and the resulting energy potential. In this study, changes in the herbage chemical constituents that are relevant for forage quality were studied along a well‐defined diversity gradient (one to sixty species) and across different combinations of functional groups (legumes, small herbs, tall herbs and grasses). Substrate‐specific methane yield (CH_4 sub) was estimated through the concentrations of forage‐quality parameters such as crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid, nitrogen‐free extract and their documented digestibility values, as well as the respective methane yields. Results show that with increasing SR, the CF increased and CP decreased, even though these effects could not be fully disentangled from the presence of grasses. These trends led to a negative effect of SR on CH_4 sub, while the area‐specific methane yield (CH_4 area = CH_4 sub × biomass yield) increased due to a strong increase in biomass with increasing SR. The CH_4 sub was increased when legumes were present, and it declined with the presence of grasses. Generally, CH_4 sub and CH_4 area varied between functional‐group monocultures and all functional‐group mixtures.     

Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health

Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.     

Effects of Powdery Mildew on 1000-Kernel Weight,Crude Protein Content and Yield of Winter Wheat in Three Consecutive Growing Seasons

In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici） on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons, field trials were conducted in three growing seasons, 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, in Langfang City, Hebei Province, China. The relationships between 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield and disease index （DI）, as well as area under disease progress curve （AUDPC） were studied. The models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield were constructed using DI at critical point （CP） of growth stages （GS） and AUDPC in the three growing seasons, respectively. The CPs for estimating 1 000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield of wheat caused by powdery mildew were GS 11.1, GS 10.5.3 and GS l 0.5.3, respectively. Models based on DI at CP to estimate the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield were better than models based on AUDPC. And models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield for 2011-2012 season were significant different from these for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons. These results indicated that besides powdery mildew, weather conditions also had influence on 1 000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield loss of wheat when powdery mildew occurred.     

含蜡原油管道含蜡量计算及加剂油头跟踪方法

针对高含蜡原油因结蜡导致管道堵塞和停输再启动困难的问题,基于运行参数分析,通过长输管道水力摩阻计算公式变换及SPS模型拟合,计算得到了管道内以结蜡为主的不可流出物的含量,并利用加剂油头到达末站引起过滤器堵塞及油头凝点变低的现象,得到了管道内实际不可流出物的体积,与模型计算结果对比表明：计算含蜡量与实际含蜡量相吻合,模型基本满足要求。由于乍得加剂高凝油与非加剂高凝油的黏度差别较大,提出了一种根据各阀室站场间压力差变化来跟踪加剂油头的方法,用于判断加剂油头到达的大概位置,为高凝高含蜡原油管道加剂时间及加剂量的确定提供参考。     

智能化沼气池粗纤维含量、微生物多样性及产气率相关性分析

为完善智能沼气池智能化控制系统,并对相关智能化沼气池运行提供理论基础,对智能化沼气池粗纤维含量、pH值、微生物多样性和产气率以及各因素间相关性进行分析研究,结果表明：相同发酵时间、不同发酵层的沼液粗纤维含量、pH值、微生物的多样性不存在显著差异;相同发酵层、不同发酵时间的沼液粗纤维含量、pH值、微生物多样性存在极显著差异;各发酵时间段内,最高产气率是6～16h时间段1.12m3·m -3·d-1,其次依次为14～24 h、0～6 h、24～48 h、48～72 h时间段;不同发酵时间产气率与粗纤维含量呈显著负相关,与pH值、Dsh指数、Jsh指数呈显著正相关。