Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: A Potential Functional Food Source from Green-Tide-Forming Macroalgae

The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field. However, the comprehensive review of this topic is still rare and do not cover the recent advances of the structure, isolation, preparation, activity and applications of Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the recent advances of chemical composition, extraction, purification, structure, and activity of Ulva polysaccharides as well as oligosaccharides. In addition, the potential applications as new functional food and food additives have also been considered, and these will definitely expand the applications of Ulva oligosaccharides in the food and medical fields.     

Rapid Mining of Novel α-Glucosidase and Lipase Inhibitors from Streptomyces sp. HO1518 Using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS

A rapid and sensitive method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied for the analysis of the metabolic profile of acarviostatin-containing aminooligosaccharides derived from Streptomyces sp. HO1518. A total of ninety-eight aminooligosaccharides, including eighty potential new compounds, were detected mainly based on the characteristic fragment ions originating from quinovosidic bond cleavages in their molecules. Following an LC-MS-guided separation technique, seven new aminooligosaccharides (10–16) along with four known related compounds (17–20) were obtained directly from the crude extract of strain HO1518. Compounds 10–13 represent the first examples of aminooligosaccharides with a rare acarviostatin II02-type structure. In addition, all isolates displayed considerable inhibitory effects on three digestive enzymes, which revealed that the number of the pseudo-trisaccharide core(s), the feasible length of the oligosaccharides, and acyl side chain exerted a crucial influence on their bioactivities. These results demonstrated that the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach could be applied for the rapid identification of aminooligosaccharides and other similar structures in complex samples. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of acylated aminooligosaccharides with conspicuous α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition for the future development of multi-target anti-diabetic drugs.     

HPLC-PDA法测定兽用中药液体制剂中非法添加的四种解热镇痛类药物

实验建立了兽用中药液体制剂中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近、氨基比林、安替比林四种解热镇痛类药物的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列(HPLC-PDA)检测方法.方法采用CAPCELL PAK MGⅡS5 C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温30℃,流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液和乙腈(84:16),流速1.0 mL/m...     

基于生物酶法的酰基化桑椹花青素的制备与特性

为尽可能减少花青素的降解,提高其稳定性,采用生物酶法,对桑椹花青素进行酰基化修饰,并与非酰基化花青素进行对比研究。运用单因素试验筛选脂肪酶、反应溶剂和酰基供体,分析对花青素酰基转化率的影响。确定酰基化反应的优化条件为南极假丝酵母脂肪酶为酰基化催化酶、吡啶为催化反应溶剂、苯甲酸甲酯为酰基供体,酰基化效果最好,转化率最大为13.5%。采用傅里叶红外、高效液相色谱对产物进行分析,经鉴定,酰基化产物为单酰基或多酰基花青素。此外,研究了酰基化对花青素稳定性和抗氧化性的影响。酰基化可提高花青素的热稳定性、光稳定性和耐酸碱稳定性。相同温度下,酰基化花青素保留率提高约5.0%,光照6d后,酰基化花青素的保留率仍高达96.1%。酰基化可以显著增加花青素体外抗氧化性,增强DPPH自由基清除能力,总还原能力比非酰基化花青素提高30%,金属离子螯合能力高达90%。酰基化花青素肿瘤细胞活性抑制率可达81%,而非酰基化花青素仅为50%。该研究为花青素稳定性提高和性能改善提供参考的理论依据。     

氮肥减量配施有机肥对苹果产量品质及土壤生物学特性的影响

为改善当前苹果园不合理施肥现状,探究适合苹果园提质增效的施肥方案,以红富士苹果为试材,设置常规施肥、优化减氮、有机肥替代25%氮肥、有机肥替代50%氮肥4个处理,其中后3个处理的总施氮量一致,为常规施肥的一半,试验连续进行两年后测定果实产量、品质、土壤微生物量碳氮以及土壤酶活性。结果表明:优化减氮处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,氮肥偏生产力是常规施肥的2倍以上;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的产量最高,比常规施肥处理增加5.4%。优化减氮处理和有机肥替代氮肥处理的果实可溶性糖和糖酸比均显著高于常规施肥;施用有机肥的处理可滴定酸显著低于施化肥处理,糖酸比相反;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的品质最佳,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比分别比常规施肥高1.8%、2.7%、16.9%。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性与土层深度及有机肥的施用有关,特别是在20～40 cm土层深度,有机肥替代氮肥处理的土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶活性均显著高于常规施肥处理,且两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。因此,在陕西省苹果园可以推荐常规施氮量减少一半的情况下用有机肥替代50%氮肥,以节省化肥、增加产量、改善品质、提升土壤质量,促进果园的可持续发展。     

耐镉阿氏芽孢杆菌缓解水稻受镉胁迫的研究

为了探究阿氏芽孢杆菌T61缓解水稻受镉胁迫的效应,运用96孔板法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、比色法测定菌株T61的镉耐受性、镉去除率和植物促生性;利用绿色荧光蛋白标记的T61,观察菌株在水稻上的定殖;利用蘸根法施加T61菌剂,观察其降低水稻籽粒镉积累的效应。结果表明：菌株T61对Cd²⁺的最大耐受浓度达到500 μmol·L^-1;在含镉液体培养基中培养24 h后,菌株T61对Cd²⁺的去除率超过50%。菌株T61可以合成植物促生性物质吲哚乙酸（6.2 μg·mL^-1）和铁载体（46.6 μmol·L^-1）,并具有溶磷能力（37.1 μg·mL^-1）。菌株T61可以在水稻根和茎上定殖。大田条件下,T61菌剂可以降低营养期水稻茎叶丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性,并使水稻728B和NX1B籽粒中的镉含量分别降低13.5%和11.2%。研究表明,阿氏芽孢杆菌T61是一株具有植物促生性的耐镉细菌,可以缓解某些水稻品种遭受的镉胁迫,在镉污染稻田的微生物修复方面具有一定的应用前景。     

磷酸氨基酸盐对Cd污染土壤的淋洗效果

为减少淋洗修复对土壤环境的影响,从12种不同磷酸氨基酸盐中筛选出了淋洗效率较高且价格低廉的最佳淋洗剂[Gly][H₂PO₄],探究了淋洗时间、淋洗剂浓度、液土比和pH对淋洗效果的影响,并对淋洗后土壤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明：当淋洗剂浓度为0.3 mol·L^-1、液土比为4、淋洗时间为60 min时,淋洗剂[Gly][H₂PO₄]对Cd的去除率最高可达55.4%。淋洗后土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、速效钾含量上升,土壤脱氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性先降低后升高。在淋洗后第28 d时,两种酶的活性与原土相比,分别升高了61.3%和37.3%。在淋洗废液中添加Ca（OH）₂,当其浓度为20 g·L^-1时,废液中Cd去除率为96.57%,达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）的排放要求（<0.1 mg·L^-1）。因此,[Gly][H₂PO₄]可作为环境友好型淋洗剂用于Cd污染土壤的修复。     

单生育期水分胁迫对温室葡萄根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

为明确单生育期水分胁迫对土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响,选取5a生'红地球'鲜食葡萄为试验材料,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,以全生育期充分供水为对照(CK),依次在葡萄5个生育期分别设置轻度(M)和重度(S)两个水分胁迫水平进行大田试验,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物的群落构成和多样性.结果表明:葡...     

土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响

采用双因素随机试验,在小麦孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期研究了土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物丰度、多样性及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)的影响。试验设4个处理,即分别在土壤干旱和正常水分下种植小麦"矮抗58"(P1)和"泛麦8号"(P2)。结果表明:与正常水分处理(种植P1和P2)相比,孕穗期,土壤干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中普通细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌的丰度显著降低了11.3%和6.9%、8.4%和8.2%;灌浆期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中丛枝菌根真菌的丰度明显下降了34.3%和21.8%;成熟期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌的丰度显著降低30.9%和8.6%、34.1%和17.3%。土壤干旱对微生物多样性无显著影响,却显著降低了孕穗期和灌浆期的碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性和灌浆期的蔗糖酶活性,提高了成熟期的蔗糖酶活性。"矮抗58"比"泛麦8号"根际微生物多样性更高,但孕穗期其蔗糖酶活性更低。干旱与品种的交互作用对微生物各类群的丰度、多样性和4种酶活性的影响均不显著。综上,土壤干旱主要抑制微生物丰度,而品种间根际微生物多样性差异明显,干旱和品种均...