中草药对肉牛育肥效果的研究

本文研究了洒糟和中草药、微量元素添加剂联合使用的增重效果,通过为期９０天的试验研究,对照组、试验Ｉ组、试验Ⅱ组的日增重分别为０．９８ｋｇ、１．１５ｋｇ、１．２５ｋｇ,试验Ｉ组日增重较照组提高１７．３％,试验Ⅱ组日增重较对照组提高２７．６％。结果表明：以酒糟、玉米为主的日粮育肥肉牛配合中草药及微量元素添加剂能显著提高育肥效果。     

Preliminary Studies on the Concentration of Na+,K+-ATPase in Skeletal Muscle of Draught Cattle in Mozambique: Effect of Sex,Age and Training

The effect of training on the potential for work in draught cattle was assessed by measuring the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase in the muscle cell membrane and the elevation in the concentration of K⁺ in plasma during exercise. Biopsies of the semitendinosus muscle and venous blood samples were taken from the cattle used for draught work in Mozambique. No differences were found in the plasma ion or Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase concentrations in samples taken from Nguni, Africander and Angoni breeds. There were no significant differences in plasma ions (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^–) or muscle Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase concentrations between the Angoni males and females, although the males showed an increase in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase with age, while the females showed a decrease. The increase in males might be attributed to their higher level of activity in the herds than that of females. After a training period of 15 days, a significant increase in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase concentration in semitendinosus muscle was found in Angoni cattle. In females, this was significant after 8 days of training (about 30%); in males after 15 days of training (about 16%). On day 15, there was a reduction in the elevation of plasma K⁺ during the 2 h of draught work, indicating an increased capacity of the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps to maintain the extracellular K⁺ concentration in working muscles and a possible delay in the moment of fatigue.     

Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.     

Vaccination of cows with rough Escherichia coli mutants fails to protect against experimental intramammary bacterial challenge

Vaccination of cows with rough Escherichia coli mutants fails to protect against experimental intramammary bacterial challenge. Vaccine A, a heat-killed Re mutant of strain K12, (UB 1574), was administered as a single parenteral and local dose to 5 cows with 3 control animals and Vaccine B, a heat-killed mutant of O111:B4 (J5) was administered as three parenteral doses into 5 cows with 5 control animals. Following intramammary challenge with a smooth wild-type strain (P4), an acute, severe clinical mastitis developed in all 14 quarters (9 vaccine A and 5 vaccine B) of the vaccinated animals which was indistinguishable from that in the 11 quarters of the control animals. Following vaccine B there was an elevation in serum IgG1 and IgG2 antibody to the common core antigen of endotoxin which, in contrast to the control animals, showed a further increase after intramammary infection.     

一种新型缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕对肉牛生长性能、养分消化率及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究一种新型缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕对肉牛生长性能、养分消化率及血液生化指标的影响。选择18头健康、体重相近(315±5)kg、7月龄左右生长期西门塔尔杂交公牛,随机分为豆粕组、缓释尿素组和普通尿素组3组,每组6头牛。豆粕组饲喂含11.12%豆粕(粗蛋白质(CP)为15.51%、干物质(DM)为48.06%)的试验日粮(精粗比4∶6)。按照等能等氮原则,缓释尿素组和普通尿素组饲喂含缓释尿素和普通尿素分别占各自日粮的1.41%和1.15%,即2个试验组分别用缓释尿素和普通尿素替代豆粕组日粮中75%豆粕。预试期14 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:①各组间平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但缓释尿素组和普通尿素组的平均日采食量(ADMI)显著低于豆粕组(P<0.05)。②缓释尿素组和普通尿素组的干物质和有机物(OM)表观消化率显著高于豆粕组(P<0.05);缓释尿素组粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著低于普通尿素组(P<0.05),但与豆粕组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);普通尿素组粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率最低,豆粕组最高,各组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);各处理组间的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。③与豆粕组相比,缓释尿素替代日粮中部分豆粕未对肉牛各项血液生化指标产生影响(P>0.05);缓释尿素组的白蛋白(ALB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)均显著高于普通尿素组(P<0.05)。由上述结果可知,缓释尿素和普通尿素可替代日粮中部分豆粕应用于肉牛生产中,且缓释尿素替代豆粕效果优于普通尿素。     

Estimation of the carcass composition from a cross-section of the rib-loin from crossbred Japanese Black × Limousin F2 cattle by computer image analysis

The carcass composition of crossbred Japanese Black × Limousin F2 cattle was examined in order to find an accurate carcass composition equation. The test animals included 17 steers and 17 heifers. The 28 image measurements from the area encircling the vertical line to the thoracic vertebra and the line from the thoracic vertebra between the sixth and seventh rib‐bones were measured by computer image analysis. The relationships between the 29 parameters that added the carcass left side weight of the animal and the carcass composition were suggested. The carcass composition included muscle weight, muscle ratio, fat weight and fat ratio. The carcass composition from steers was estimated by an equation composed of these three or four parameters (R² = 90.80%, 79.30%, 90.75% and 73.70%, respectively). The selected parameters were measured without cutting the thoracic vertebra. The carcass composition from heifers was estimated by an equation composed of two to four parameters (R² = 96.15%, 90.98%, 93.60% and 88.22%, respectively). The parameters for the estimation of the muscle and fat weight, and muscle and fat ratio are very similar. Furthermore, the equations using the parameters could estimate the carcass composition from the Japanese Black × Limousin cattle resource population.     

In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells

Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 mol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 mol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage - LPS lipopolysaccharide - cDNA cloned deoxyribonucleic acid - cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate - GAPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase - mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid - TF tissue factor - TNF tumour necrosis factor - DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline     

Studies on the Epidemiology of Tropical Theileriosis (Theileria annulata Infection) in Cattle in Central Anatolia,Turkey

An epidemiological survey for Theileria annulata infection was conducted in 12 selected villages around Ankara in Central Anatolia, Turkey, during the period April 1990 to January 1993. During the survey, 198 cattle of 30 local breeds, 84 Holstein-Friesian×local breeds and 84 Holstein-Friesian breed were examined for antibodies to T. annulata and the presence of the vector ticks. Four species of Hyalomma ticks were identified: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavtum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Salivary gland staining indicated that infected adult ticks of all four species were present and, therefore, were implicated in the transmission of tropical theileriosis in the field. Generally, the Hyalomma infestation rate was low, with the heaviest infestations occurring on the older animals. Young adults and calves had very low infestation rates. Most ticks seen on cattle were adults, very few nymphs were found. The blood smear and serological examination of the 198 cattle conducted in March, before the start of the first disease season, showed that the prevalence of piroplasmosis was 11.1% (22 out of 198) and the seroprevalence of T. annulata was 10.6% (21 out of 198). Forty-three animals were then excluded from the study because they were seropositive and/or harboured piroplasms. Ninety-two seronegative animals showed piroplasmosis (92 out of 155) and 34 seronegative animals became seropositive for T. annulata (34 out of 155) during the three disease seasons. One animal became clinically ill with tropical theileriosis and required treatment. The incidence of cattle showing piroplasmosis and disease in the total study sample was 50.7% and 0.5% per disease season, respectively. The seroconversion rate of new infection with T. annulata in the total study was 14.3% per animal season. The number of cattle showing piroplasmosis was much greater than the number of seropositive cattle, which may indicate the presence of another species of Theileria. The two different management systems encountered in the study were considered to have influenced the tick infestation levels.     

肉牛同期发情效果影响因素的研究

[目的]为了研究同期发情处理方法、繁殖状况、品种、体重等对肉牛同期发情效果的影响,[方法]选择140头不同繁殖状况、品种、体重的肉牛,随机分为3组,分别采用CIDR+第10天肌注PMSG+第11天肌注PGF_2α（埋栓Ⅰ组）、CIDR+第9天肌注PMSG+第11天肌注PGF_2α（埋栓Ⅱ组）、肌注PGF_2α+PMSG(PGF_2α组)的方法进行同期发情处理。[结果]3种不同处理方法相比,PGF_2α组发情率为87.10%,埋栓Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组母牛发情率分别为97.83%、98.41%,显著高于PGF_2α组（P<0.05）;PGF_2α组处理牛受胎率为83.87%,埋栓Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组处理牛受胎率分别为89.13%、84.13%,高于PGF_2α组,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;育成牛与经产牛发情时间相比,埋栓组12～24 h内出现发情症状的经产牛占比为27.27%,育成牛占比为60%,显著高于经产牛（P<0.05）,2...     

关于平凉红牛分段式目标育肥效果的研究

[目的]研究不同育肥模式对"平凉红牛"产肉性能的影响,探寻适宜于当地的"平凉红牛"分段式目标育肥模式。[方法]将"平凉红牛"公牛按不同初始体重和不同育肥阶段分为3组,即A组(360～630kg)、B组(315～585kg)、C组(270～540kg),测定不同组别试验牛的平均日增重、屠宰率、净肉率、优质高档肉块产量及比例等。[结果]育肥期平均日增重,3组间无显著差异(P0.05),但以B组最高;屠宰率、净肉率,3组间差异不显著(P0.05),但以A组最高;优质肉块总重、高档肉块总重占宰前活重的比例均以A组最高。[结论]综合考虑育肥期日增重、产肉性能、优质高档肉块比例、经济效益等因素,适宜于平凉当地的育肥模式为315～585kg。