“家系等量随机选配法”对鸭闭锁小群体的保种应用效果

本研究以国家水禽品种资源基因库（福建）内保护的金定鸭、莆田黑鸭、连城白鸭、绍兴鸭、攸县麻鸭、山麻鸭等6个鸭品种为对象,通过比较6个品种不同世代的生长性能和蛋品质指标,分析“家系等量随机选配法”在水禽基因库保种中的应用效果,为进一步丰富和完善水禽保种技术及理论提供依据。结果表明,6个品种不同世代间不同日龄体重、300日龄体尺、产蛋性能及蛋品质测定结果均无显著性差异（P ＞0.05）,且测定结果均符合国家标准及畜禽遗传资源志对该品种的描述。在闭锁小群体中采用“家系等量随机选配法”能有效地保存水禽品种资源的遗传多样性。     

提高小麦×玉米中小麦单倍体苗加倍率的研究

以小麦玉米杂交产生的小麦单倍体为材料,研究了单倍体苗分蘖节切口预处理对加倍率的影响。结果表明,加倍前对分蘖节进行切口处理的单倍体苗加倍率和加倍效率均达90.3%,比对照高16个百分点。对560个加倍成功的DH株的第一结实穗位分布进行了统计,从主茎开始结实的植株只占31.1%,其余均从分蘖穗开始结实,个别植株到第13个分蘖穗才收到种子;前5个穗位开始结实的植株占82.1%,前7个穗位占94.3%。结果表明,小麦单倍体的加倍率不仅受加倍方法的影响,还与加倍处理前后的栽培技术有关,培育多蘖壮苗、提高分蘖成穗率是提高加倍率的重要保障。     

意蜂来源的微孢子虫对不同日龄中蜂成年工蜂的侵染性

为探明意蜂来源的微孢子虫对不同日龄中蜂成年工蜂的交叉侵染性,将纯化自意蜂的微孢子虫分别接种无微孢子虫感染的2日、5日、8日、11日、14日龄的中蜂工蜂,当每只蜂经口接种5.12×104个孢子,在30±1℃,45%～60%RH,黑暗环境中饲养12天后,2～14日龄的中蜂工蜂的感染率为46.7%～72.6%,平均感染率为65.8%;其中2日龄的感染率显著(P<0.05)低于5～14日龄的感染率。     

Characteristics for Practical Use of Attenuated Isolate UA-Fukushima of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato mosaic virus</Emphasis>

L₁₁A-Fukushima (L₁₁A-F) derived from attenuated isolate LuA of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has the highest ability to cross protect against virulent ToMV among LuA and its derivatives and is stably inherited. Growth, yield, fruit quality and symptom attenuation of inoculated tomato plants did not differ significantly between L₁₁A-F and L₁₁A. The infectivity of progeny viruses in tomato infected with LuA-F was less than 4% of that with virulent ToMV. From these results, L₁₁A-F appears to possess the properties necessary for practical use. To manage L₁₁A-F strictly, a PCR-based assay to detect trace contamination of virulent ToMV in L₁₁A-F preparations was established. Received 10 June 2002/ Accepted in revised form 30 October 2002     

小麦粒叶比的研究

粒叶比是衡量单位叶面积光合生产力的综合性状。5年的试验结果分析表明,小麦粒叶比与单株产量和群体产量有一定的正相关,在品种之间存在遗传差异,但基因型—环境互作效应不明显,具有相对的稳定性。双列杂交F_1和F_2代的遗传分析表明,粒叶比符合简单的加显—显性模型,且为部分显性,其高值与隐性基因相联系,遗传方差中加性分量占主要优势,广义遗传力(>90％)和狭义遗传力(>80％)均较高,因此,在早代选择应是有效的。最后对粒叶比在小麦育种中的应用作了讨论。     

沙棘亚种间杂交子代优良单株种子活性物质的比较

【目的】分析沙棘不同优良杂种种子中主要生物活性物质的含量及其变化规律,为医疗和保健专用优良沙棘杂种的选育提供基础依据。【方法】基于生长与结实性状,从蒙古沙棘与中国沙棘杂交子代中选育出43个杂种优良单株,对其种子中V_E、黄酮、脂肪酸等重要生物活性物质含量进行比较。【结果】沙棘杂交子代优株种子中的V_E、黄酮、粗脂肪、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量均具有较大幅度的变化,分别变化于2.94～16.42 mg/hg、82.37～381.48 mg/hg、4.03～9.59 g/hg、3.15%～39.28%、0.43%～14.72%、3.16～24.43%、4.57%～73.32%、2.53%～44.66%;沙棘杂种种子的黄酮组分主要以槲皮素和山奈酚为主,异鼠李素的含量较少,3个组分的含量均随总黄酮含量的增加而明显增大;不饱和脂肪酸油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量均随着饱和脂肪酸棕榈酸含量的上升而不同程度的下降,而油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸3个不饱和脂肪酸含量之间呈明显的正相关关系。【结论】沙棘杂种子代中,部分单株种子的V_E、黄酮或脂肪酸含量高于母本或双亲,超亲现象明显;筛选出了种子中油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量均在80%以上8个杂种单株,其属于高不饱和脂肪酸杂种。     

双列杂交育种法配合力统计分析(单变元)的SAS实施

论述了如何应用SAS过程解决格里芬双列杂交育种法4的配合力计算问题,其中应用了transpose过程、merge语句及统计代换Z=Y+X,并以实例示明具体计算法。此法具有国际普遍适用的价值。      

燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温交叉适应的生理响应及其综合评价

为探讨干旱能否诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性,采用20%聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱预处理定莜6号幼苗3 d,以未经PEG预处理的幼苗作对照,恢复2 d后进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别在低温处理的0、1、3、5、7天采取幼苗叶片,测定超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量及相对含水量(RWC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等14项生理指标及处理7d后植株株高增量和生物量增量,采用主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温的交叉适应能力。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱预处理显著提高了低温胁迫下燕麦幼苗株高增量和生物量增量,O_2~-和H_2O_2等14项生理指标值也发生了不同程度改变。对14项生理指标值离差标准化后进行相关性分析表明,不同变量间存在显著相关性。进行主成分分析提取了5个主成分因子,其方差贡献率依次为38.881%、18.219%、11.238%、9.616%和8.809%,累积方差贡献率达86.763%。第1主成分因子对SS、AA、Pro、O_2~-、H_2O_2、RWC、SOD和APX有较大载荷;第2主成分因子对POD、MDA和GSH有较大载荷;第3主成分因子主要包括CAT和GSH;第4主成分因子主要包括SP和Pro;第5主成分因子主要包括APX和ASA。隶属函数分析5个主成分因子得分值显示,除第1天外,干旱预处理在整个低温处理期间的综合评价值显著高于对照。研究表明干旱能够诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性。     

Validation of topsoil texture derived from agricultural soil maps by current dense soil sampling

Agricultural soil maps were created to facilitate the management of fields. Such maps, at very large scale (1:5000), cover almost the entire agricultural land in Poland. These maps can be very useful for precision field management. However, they were prepared about 40–50 years ago using old mapping techniques with mainly field (organoleptic) examination of soil. For this reason it is necessary to verify agreement between such maps with the current soil status. In the case of detection of disagreements it is important to identify the causes and propose methods for improving soil maps. Only few studies were made in this aspect. The soil texture (ST) of the upper layer, as presented on the agricultural soil maps from the 1960s and 1970s, was compared with the actual ST of the same four fields in northern and central Poland. For laboratory ST determination, soil samples were collected in a dense sampling network. On average, the agreement of the ST presented on the agricultural soil maps and determined in this study was classified as medium for three fields and good for one field. However, the presence of field areas with poor agreement between the ST determined in this study and that shown on the agricultural maps was detected in all investigated fields. Identified causes for this comprised imprecision of ST determination using the organoleptic method, the generalization of the soil quality maps, and erosion processes during the years between soil mapping and this investigation. The improvement of ST presentation on the large scale soil maps might be achieved by quite denser soil sampling for ST analysis supported by ECa, yield and NDVI maps.     

不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间的双列杂交

于2006年秋,以"海洋红"(R)、白蛤(W)、斑马蛤(Z)为材料,开展了不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间3×3的双列杂交.实验由3个自交组R×R、W×W、Z×Z和3个杂交组R×Z、W×Z、W×R,即6个正反交RZ、ZR、WZ、ZW、WR、RW组成,研究了子一代在不同阶段生长、变态、存活的杂种优势及壳色遗传机制.结果表明,在不同阶段,不同杂交组合的杂种优势表现程度不同.浮游期间,各杂交组幼虫生长优势(Hg)随着日龄而增大,存活优势(Hs)与日龄几乎无相关性,其值分别为Hg=6.20±2.43,Hs=14.83±0.28.W×Z杂交组合表现出明显的杂种优势,其值分别为Hg w×z=8.50±2.79,Hs w×z=20.59±0.98, 与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).杂交有效地提高了变态率,缩短了变态时间;变态率的杂种优势为Hm=15.84,平均缩短变态时间2d.室内培育期间,刚刚完成变态的稚贝很快表现出生长优势,而后一段时间才表现出存活优势,其值分别为Hg=8.98±2.91,Hs=8.11±8.18;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势为Hg w×z=15.93±6.47、Hs w×z=8.78±8.76,Hg w×z与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05),Hs w×z与W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).养成期间,幼贝的杂种优势分别为Hg=12.77±1.20,Hs=49.85±1.93;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势分别为Hg w×z=20.92±1.98,Hs w×z=61.60±1.38,与其它杂交组的显著性差异程度与稚贝期相同.从总体水平上分析,幼虫、稚贝、幼贝生长速度的杂种优势分别为15.06、17.40、15.77,彼此间无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);综合各阶段的杂种优势,3个杂交组的杂种优势大小顺次为:W×Z＞R×Z＞W×R.R×Z、W×Z、W×R的子一代的壳色分别表现为:红斑马、白斑马(左壳背部有一条深色条带)、中红(左壳背部有一条深色条带),且正反交的壳色表现一致,说明壳色表现形式与性别无关,为非伴性遗传.